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disorders of throat (tonsillitis (pathophysiology (Tonsillitis is…
disorders of throat
tonsillitis
pathophysiology
Tonsillitis is inflammation of the tonsils, two oval-shaped pads of tissue at the back of the throat — one tonsil on each side. Signs and symptoms of tonsillitis include swollen tonsils, sore throat, difficulty swallowing and tender lymph nodes on the sides of the neck.
causes
Tonsillitis is most often caused by common viruses, but bacterial infections can also be the cause.
The most common bacterium causing tonsillitis is Streptococcus pyogenes (group A streptococcus), the bacterium that causes strep throat. Other strains of strep and other bacteria also may cause tonsillitis.
clinical manifestations
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•Enlarged, tender glands (lymph nodes) in the neck
•A scratchy, muffled or throaty voice
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•Stomachache, particularly in younger children
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management
The germs that cause viral and bacterial tonsillitis are contagious. Therefore, the best prevention is to practice good hygiene. Teach your child to:
•Wash his or her hands thoroughly and frequently, especially after using the toilet and before eating
•Avoid sharing food, drinking glasses, water bottles or utensils
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Esophagitis
pathophysiology
inflammation that may damage tissues of the esophagus, the muscular tube that delivers food from your mouth to your stomach.Esophagitis can cause painful, difficult swallowing and chest pain. Causes of esophagitis include stomach acids backing up into the esophagus, infection, oral medications and allergies.
causes
Esophagitis is generally categorized by the conditions that cause it. In some cases, more than one factor may be causing esophagitis
Infectious esophagitis
A bacterial, viral or fungal infection in tissues of the esophagus may cause esophagitis. Infectious esophagitis is relatively rare and occurs most often in people with poor immune system function, such as people with HIV/AIDS or cancer
Reflux esophagitis
A valve-like structure called the lower esophageal sphincter usually keeps the acidic contents of the stomach out of the esophagus. If this valve opens when it shouldn't or doesn't close properly, the contents of the stomach may back up into the esophagus (gastroesophageal reflux). Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a condition in which this backflow of acid is a frequent or ongoing problem.
clinical manefestations
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•Chest pain, particularly behind the breastbone, that occurs with eating
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management
Prescription-strength medications. These include H-2-receptor blockers, such as famotidine (Pepcid) and ranitidine (Zantac). They also include proton pump inhibitors, such as esomeprazole (Nexium), lansoprazole (Prevacid), omeprazole (Prilosec) and pantoprazole (Protonix). You also may be prescribed prokinetics such as bethanechol and metoclopramide (Reglan), which help your stomach empty more quickly.
Surgery. Fundoplication may be used to improve the condition of the esophagus if other interventions don't work. A portion of the stomach is wrapped around the valve separating the esophagus and stomach (lower esophageal sphincter). This strengthens the sphincter and prevents acid from backing up into the esophagus.
A newer treatment involves minimally invasive surgery to place a ring of tiny magnetic titanium beads around the junction of the stomach and esophagus. In that position, the ring of beads strengthens the lower esophageal sphincter, preventing acid reflux.