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((Step 3: Relevant review of the literature, It’s is seen as the process…
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It’s is seen as the process of examining the materials that have been published such as survey books,
scholars sources and only relevant material that could be helpful in that particular area of research being
investigated ( Creswell, 2005). The researcher must pick atopic that they can manage in the time frame
they have been given to complete their project, and find different sources that can give them useful
information and ideas about the topic, these sources can get include Internet sites, sprints, dissertation
etc. (Creswell, 2005). The researcher must look at how other scholars have attacked or investigated the
topic they studying and examine if is there still a area of debate about the topic and also look at how the
topic will interest the people and the impact that the topic will have on the field ( Creswell, 2005).
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In the article given the researchers have looked at some data collection that have been used before to
investigate the topic, as they examined the research paper that was conducted in 1995 which looked at
adults use of cigarette a day and it’s was found that 34% of the adult smoked one cigarette a day. Then
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was used to investigate the topic before, for example they have revised the Demographic and Health
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the topic and it also have given them with a area that has not been examined in the study before which
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The researcher must identify the subject or a topic that they want to study, and start conducting some
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which literature review exist on the topic ( Abend, 2008). The researcher must find out the types of
studies that have been done on the topic before and examine if there is a specific area that still needs to
be investigated or a certain question that needs to be replicated ( Abend, 2008). The topic studied must
be broken down into questions such as how and why. And finally the researcher has to evaluate the topic
and look if the topic have the possibility of interest in people, does the topic have information that would
provide accurate results looking at the time frame and the resources needed to conduct the research (
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cigarette smoking in South Africa among adult people only, and for their area of interest the researchers
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cause the regular use of Cigarette among learner’s between the age of 18 – 24 it was found that they
start at the stage of adolescents, which could be caused by the puberty stage. And the researchers have
also looked at the effects of Cigarette use and it was estimated that by 2030 cigarette use would have
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Is a brief explanation of a issue that needs to be addressed or a situation that needs to be improved. The
step identifies the rift that occurs between the present issue and the desired goal state of a process (
Alon, 2009). Stating the problem comprises of portraying the environmental problem that needs to be
solved, where the problem come from and also studying the effects that the problem could cause on the
user’s, finances, and o n ancillary activities ( Alon, 2009). The researcher must define the problem first
before drafting it, to avoid making a mistake of implementing solutions that will not meet the expected
results of the problem being studied (Alon, 2009). Then right after the problem have been defined, the
researcher must write it down and it must be put into action, mostly significantly the problem have to be
written in an understandable manner and valid in order to carry out successful results ( Alone, 2009).
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In the article given the researchers have stated their area of interest which is cigarette use among male
and female learner’s between grade 8 – 10 of different races in South Africa. The researchers have also
included some new information which was seen as a gap in the previous studies, for example the
previous studies only focused on adult use of cigarette smoke only, in this current study the researchers
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Theoretical framework is seen as a conceptual model that create a sense of structure which guides the
research ( Abend, 2009). This step gives the researcher a background that will provide support to the
topic being investigated and it also offers the reader with justification their study of a particular research
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investigating that theory. In this step the researcher gives our their presentation of a theory, that explain
a particular problem being investigated by the researcher. The theoretical framework is not based on the
researcher's suspicions alone, as it comprises of a summary that the researcher have done on the topic
and which have been conducted through reviews of other scholars research (Abend, 2009). In this the
researcher fills in the gaps which are found in the topic of interest or the researcher must try and answer
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