Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Hypertension and Cardiovascular Diseases (Hemodynamics (Neural Regulation,…
Hypertension and Cardiovascular Diseases
Components of the CVS
Blood
Blood Vessels
Vascular Wall
Intima
direct contact with circulation & active secretion of vasoactive factors
Endothelium
Media
supplying mechanical strength & contractile power
Smooth muscle
Elastin
Collagens
Adventitia
paracrine activity and rich in nerve endings vasoactive agents (dilators and constrictors)
Adipocytes
ANS & sensory nerve endings
Collagenous connective tissue Vasa vasorum
Heart
Lymph vessels
Circulation
Systemic Circulation
(~120/70 mmHg)
Containing ~88% of the total blood volume
Pulmonary Circulation
Containing ~12% of the total blood volume
Exchange of gas and pick up oxygen at lungs
Hemodynamics
Arteries
Low-resistance tube conducting blood to organs
Serving a pressure reservoir due to its elastic property
BP Measurement
measured by sphygmomanometry of the brachial artery.
Endothelium
Relaxing & constricting factors
Neural Regulation
Sympathetic nerves
NA, 去甲腎上腺素
Ca2 increase, constict
Parasympathetic nerves
endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor
release of nitric oxide
Sensory nerves
Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) Substance P (SP)
SP causes endothelium-dependent dilation
CGRP causes both endothelium-dependent and –independent dilation
Hormones
Vasoconstrictors
Angiotensin II, endothelin, vasopressin (to increase intracellular [Ca2+] in VSM)
Vasodilators
Calcitonin gene-related peptide,
atrial natriuretic peptide, vasoactive
intestinal polypeptide
(to decrease intracellular [Ca2+] in VSM via stimulating rises in cyclic AMP cyclic GMP)
Three principal types of stroke
Thrombotic
blockage of an artery
Haemorrhagic
Stroke due to bleeding from a ruptured blood vessel,
Embolic
Stroke due to the formation of a blood clot in a vessel away from the brain.