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Flowers and Reproduction (Flower structure (carpels (three main parts…

- - - - anther = where pollen is produced
      - filament = the stalk
  - - - stigma=catches pollen grains
      - style=elevates stigma
      - ovary=where megaspores are produced
- - - - generative cell->becomes two sperm cells (microgametes)
      - vegetative cell
  - - - central cell (has two polar nuclei)
      - 3 antipodal cells
      - egg apparatus = 2 synergids + an egg (megagamete)
- - - - albuminous seed = endosperm is abundant
      - exalbuminous seed = endosperm is sparse or absent at maturity
  - - - exocarp = outer layer; skin or peel
      - mesocarp = middle layer; flesh
      - endocarp = innermost layer; may be tough or thin
      - pericarp = entire fruit wall, where composed of 1, 2, or 3 layers
- - - - individual parts of large spreading or vining plant become self sufficient
      - one of the most common methods
  - - - gametes = sperm and egg (both 1n)
      - fertilized egg = zygote (2n)
      - sporophyte (2n) produces spores (different from gametes)
      - gametes fuse through syngamy (fertilization) to become 2n
      - spore cannot undergo syngamy; undergo mitosis to become entirely new haploid plant called gametophyte
      - alternation of heteromorphic generations (sporophyte + gametophyte)
- - - - inhibit self-pollination
      - chemical reactions between pollen & carpels that prevent pollen growth
  - - - stamens and carpels
      - produce the critically important spores
    - - do not produce spores
      - sepals and petals
    - - species has individuals that produce only staminate flowers and individuals that produce only carpellate flowers
      - life cycle consists of 4 types of plants
        
        microgametophytes
        
        megagametophytes
        
        staminate sporophytes
        
        carpellate sporophytes
    - - species has staminate flowers on the same plant as carpellate flowers