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Animal Behavior and Ecology (Animal Behaviors (8 Different types of animal…
Animal Behavior and Ecology
Animal Behaviors
Ethology
The study of animal behavior
Importance of Animal behavior
Survival
Reproduction
Basic evolution
Find Food
Avoid getting eaten
Protection
In mother baby relationships; more commonly found with more complex brains and primarily mammals
8 Different types of animal behavor
Associative Learning
Begin to associate a stimulus with a certain effect
Ex: Pavlov's dog; Ring the bell and get food, bell = salivating
Trial and Error
AKA Operant conditioning
Figuring problems out by trying different things
Ex: Skinner box; Mouse has to press down on a certain lever to get out of the box
Imprinting
Something that happens, or an attachment, during a certain period of time
Ex: Geese imprint on their mother (or whoever they see when they're first born) and follow her around
Habituation
The same stimulus over and over causing an organism to begin to ignore it
Ex: Prarie dogs eventually stop screaming at human contact after prolonged exposure
Fixed Action Pattern
A series of actions taken to completion; Triggered by a stimulus for a purpose
Ex: Eyebrow flash in humans; Geese pulling eggs or things shapes similarly back into their nest
Observational Learning
Watching other organisms and mimicking that
Ex: Octopus given a bottle will watch another open it and learn how to do so themselves
"Mirror Neuron"
Innate
Things/Traits that an organism is born with or have from day one
Ex: Baby grasping a finger; Hog nose snakes spit and secrete death smell
Insight
Problem solving in animals with more complex brains
Ex: The candle problem; Problem solving in chimps & crows
Evolutionary Change or not
Behaviors have to be able to alter the fitness of an organism to produce better offspring
Important base behaviors
Imprinting
Teaching young how to do certain things
Catch Prey
Hide from predators
Avoid danger
Behaviors have to be able to relate to the best survival for an organism or species
Environments and Biomes
Envrionmental Factors
Coriolis effect
The rotation of the earth forces things to move in opposite ways whether in the north or south hemisphere
Tries to force winds to shift towards the right or the left
Rainshadow effect
Ocean air that passes towards and over a mountain range, generally making the land right beside them dry, casting a "rain shadow" than on the wayward side of the mountain range
Tilt of the earth
23.5 degrees
Amount of sunlight exposed to hemispheres due to this creates seasons
Latitude
Equator and everything parallel
Longitude
Vertical and perpendicular to the equator; connect the poles
Weather
Current, what's going on outside
Climate
General characteristics over a year
Wind
Difference in air going up and down because of earth's laditude
Spin of the earth
Carbon Cycle
Biotic Factors
Living factors that contribute to an environment
Abiotic Factors
Nonliving factors that contribute to the environment
Major Aquatic Biomes
Intertidal Zines
Oceanic Pelagic Zone
Estuaries
Coral Reefs
Streams and Rivers
Wetlands
Lakes
Marine Benthic Zone
Major Terrestrial Biomes
Temperate Grassland
Northern Coniferous
Chaparral
Temperate Broadleaf Forest
Savanna
Tundra
Desert
Tropical Forest
Population
Population growth models
R = (births + immigration) - (deaths + emmigration)
r = R/N / per unit of time
Exponential
Decay
Significant fall
Can be represented by curve III
Growth
Continuous growth on graph if resources available
Generally followed by a crash
Curve I
"J"
Logistic
Where the growth graph levels out
Where peak resources and number of organisms are sustained
After exponential growth, can fall down to this level
"S"
K
Limit your number of offspring and hope that they all survive by caring for them more intimately
Humans and most mammals
r
Have many many offspring and grow as fast as possible
Amphibians and some reptiles
Factors that affect population
Density and Dispersion
Density Dependent
Waste
Habitat
Space
Disease
Water
Food
Density Indepedent
Natural Disasters
Loss of food supply that doesn't have to do with excess consumption
Growth
Can be effected by a too small population
r and K strategist species (mentioned above)
Semelparous
Reproduce once and then they die
Octopus, squid, salmon, etc.
Iteroparous
Reproduce multiple times during their lives
Humans and most mammals
Human population growth
Ecological Footprint
Geographic representation that represents all of the resources a person uses
Exponential growth over the past two centuries
Since the 1800's, the population has increased by 1 billion seemingly every 12 years
Highly Developed ^EF
If everyone were brought up to this standard of living, carrying capacity would be very low
First world, westernized countries
Developing
Countries that are generally aided by western countries, but managing on their own
Underdeveloped vEF
Third world countries, poverished, very low standard of living
