Animal Behavior
associative learning- when an organism associates one stimuli with something else
Coriolis effect- causes wind to move in a spiral that has to do with the rotation of the earth and geographic location; clockwise in northern hemisphere and counter clockwise in the southern
clumped dispersion- resources
observational learning- watching an organism and copying them
Habituation- same stimuli over and over again causing them to ignore the stimuli
Innate- behaviors that organisms have from birth
Fixed action pattern- series of actions an organism does til completion
imprinting- when a young animal sees another animal, thing or organism as its parent or something it trusts
Operant Conditioning- teach animals a series of steps in which trial and error occurs in order for them to get a treat
ex- babies grabbing at fingers
ex- Male stiklebacks are extremely territorial and attack anything that has a red underbelly fish or not as to protect it's territory
ex- baby geese following their mother around
ex- Pavlovs dogs associating ringing with getting food or a treat
ex- skinner box
ex- prairie dogs screaming when humans walk by and continue, but then they stop
ex- octopus opening a water bottle after watching a person do it
Insight- high level of intelligence
ex- chimps solving complicated problems
stimuli and how the body mediates it ex- hibernation
animals experience during growths and development ie associative learning
evolutionary history behind the behavior ie insignt
helps with survival or reproduction ie imprinting
behaviors that are learned although do not evolve because they are independent of the species and specific to each organism
if the behavior relates to the environmental surroundings then it could be related to natural selection
Desert- around 30 degrees latitude, dry, temperature is variable, snakes and arthropods
tropical forest- near the equator, can be wet or dry, hot, lots of diversity in animals, lots of bugs
the latitude of the geographic location effects the climate due to the amount of direct sunlight it does or does not get; ie the tropics being hot most of the time and the poles being cold and iced over
the earth has a tilt of of 23.5 degrees which creates summer and winter
rain shadow- effect of the mountains drying out the air, as the air goes up it cools releasing the moisture on the peak and as it moves down the other sided it is dry causing less vegetation on that side of the mountain
Chaparral- mid latitude, seasonal precipitation, hot summers and cool winters, deer and rabbits and birds and reptiles
Northern Coniferous Forest- Northern north America and siberia, varied precipitation, cold temperature, moose bears and birds common animals
temperate grasslands- flatlands 30-70 degrees lat, summer rains, seasonal temperatures, large grazing animals
Savanna- near the equator, typically dry, little variation usually warm, grazers and bugs lions and big predators
Temperate Broadleaf Forest- mid latitude, wet but varied, seasonal temperature, common animals that hibernate in the winter
Tundra- tops of mountains and poles, dry but varied precipitation, cold temperature, common animals are bears wolves and foxes
Estuaries- transition area between rivers and oceans and the water moves with the ocean tides, salinity varies through out
Lakes- standing bodies of water going from a few square meters to thousands of square kilometers; chemical enviornment- oligotrophic- nutrient poor and oxygen rich, eutrophic- nutrient rich and oxygen poor
streams and rivers- speed and volume of water flow, usually vertical zones, changes salt and nutrient content changes as it moves inland usually has a substantial amount oxygen dissolved in it
Wetlands- a habitat that is inundated at least some of the time and has plants that adapt to water-saturated soil, water and soil periodically low in dissolved oxygen thanks plants and decomposers
Intertidal zone- periodically submerged and exposed by the tides twice daily on most marine shores more inland areas have more extended exposure to air meaning more variability in temp and salinity
Ocean Pelagic zones- vast realm of open ocean, high oxygen levels, nutrient concentrations
Coral reefs- formed from coral skeletons, usually in the photic zone of relatively stable tropical marine waters, usually near a land mass, require high oxygen levels
Marine Benthic Zones- seafloor below the coastal waters, sufficient concentration of oxygen
random dispersion- mercy of the wind
Exponential growth occurs when resources are unlimited and organisms have babies who have babies and the population grows at an exponential rate
uniform dispersion-territorial animals
Logistic growth is when population starts at an exponential rate and the levels out at the carrying capacity
Human population growth is occurring at an exponential rate that some would say haws past the carrying capacity
The increased growth rate occurred around the 20th century thanks to the great leaps in medicine
Developed countries tend to have higher populations while developing countries tend to have a higher growth rate
ecological footprint- a geographic representation of all the resources a person uses
