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51-53 (CH-51 (Links (Imprinting (Bonding is important in this period…

- - - - Signals between animals that involve transmission and reception
    - - Chemical
        
        Detects chemicals to know species
      - Tactile
        
        Touches her to make his presences
      - Visual
        
        Fruit fly approaches femal
      - Auditory
        
        Vibrates song to make mating song
    - - Primarily use visual and auditory communication
  - - - action carried out by muscles under control of NS
        
        EX- Throat muscle help produce song
        
        Releasing a scent to mark territory
      - Essential for acquiring nutrients and Reproducing
  - - - such as hibrernation
    - - synchronized with light and dark cycles
  - - - fish swim to away from danger
  - - - Developed in Sensitive period
      - Bonding is important in this period
        
        Parent will ignore young if bonding doesn't occur
      - establishment of Long lasting response to particular individual or object
      - Can help endangered species
    - - Cognitive maps
        
        Spatial relationships between objects and surroundings
        
        Birds hiding food halfway of landmarks instead of specific locations
      - Spatial learning
        
        memory that reflects the spatial structure
        
        Wasp know how to locate nest by surroundings
    - - Modification through specific experiences
      - Nature vs nurture in shaping learning & behavior
    - - Bell ringing dog salivate
      - Blue jays avoid eating monarch B
      - Involves making associations between experiences
      - Associations that don't form are advantages
        
        Rats Smells are used to detect harmful foods instead of sounds
    - - experience during growth and D. influence Response and stimuli
      - Cross-fostering study
        
        young of one species are places in the care of adults from another species
      - Developmentally fixed
      - Animals can alter behavior by other adult animals
    - - Bees can distinguish same and different patterns
      - Method of changing state to another or apparent obstacles (P.S)
        
        Monkey stacking boxes to get food
      - Involves awareness, reasoning, recollections and judgment
    - - Sparrows learn song through memory and stages of life
      - Canaries learn by adding to the song they already know
      - Most behaviors are learned over short period
    - - chimps learn how to open nuts by copying others
      - Vervet monkeys associate social leaning to behavior
        
        copy certain calls that are distinct for different predators
      - Observing other individuals
  - - - Males can maximize reproductive success by seeking other mates
      - fish protect eggs by introducing large quantities of sperm
      - male staying with mate helps viable offspring
    - - based on characteristics of the other sex
      - Mating choices by females
        
        healthy male means more offspring that survive to reproduce
    - - Monogamous
        
        One male one female
        
        Typically look the same
      - Polygamous
        
        Individual of one sex with mating several of the other
        
        look either larger or showier than opposite sex
    - - The female chose the male that had been chosen by other female
    - - Behavior that minimizes the costs of foraging and maximizes the benefits
        
        Balancing risk and reward
        
        most risk is predation
    - - fighting for females lower variation among males
      - competition involves agonistic behavior
        
        Ritualized contest that determine who gains food or mate
    - - Activity of gathering food
      - Foraging
        
        Activities for searching and recognizing food items
        
        Fruit flies of large pop. travel further distances for food
        
        Larvae in low population travel shorter distances for food
    - - Finding other ways to reproduce rather than fighting
      - frequency dependent selection
      - Evaluates alternative strategies
      - relative performance not absolute
      - john nash
  - - - favors altruistic behavior by enhancing the reproductive success of relatives.
    - - measuring the strength of the selective forces favoring altruism
    - - producing its own offspring and by providing aid that enables close relatives to reproduce
    - - within a species that corresponds to environmental variation may be evidence of past evolution
- - - - high increase of population and lots of resources being used
      - followed by a crash
      - current population size -N-
    - - is represented by r
  - - - the influx of new individuals from other areas.
    - - the movement of individuals out of a population and into other locations
    - - pattern spacing among individuals within boundaries
      - having space or way of living
    - - number of organisms -birth rates-death rates-migration
    - - the number of individuals per unit area or volume
      - number of trees per kilometer
    - - random
        
        despersment- trees spread
      - uniform
        
        living equally spaced out(penguins)
      - clumped
        
        living close together (star fish)
      - territoriality
        
        some secrete chemicals to form boundaries (plants0
    - - II. lots at birth ,Insects, die at constant rate throughout their lives
      - III. lots of offspring and few adults
      - I. Humans have offspring and live long die old
  - - - few offspring
      - takes care of them
    - - trade off- maximizing reproductive success in uncrowded enviornments
    - - multiple offspring
      - III
    - - reproduce once and die
        
        insects, salmon, squid
      - I.
  - - - all species in a environment
    - - group or organisms able to reproduce
    - - community + nonliving things
    - - organism in a specific area
    - - specific area in planet
  - - - negative feedback
      - which halts population growth through mechanisms that reduce birth rates or increase death rates
    - - population that fluctuates from year to year or place to place
      - fish affect seabirds that eat fish
    - - predication
      - wastes
      - space
      - habitate
      - water
      - disease
      - food
      - a death rate that increases with population density or a birth rate that falls with rising density
      - increase stress
      - compitition
    - - birth rate or death rate that does not change with population density
      - droughts, wilds fires
      - natural disasters
      - lost of food supplies
    - - a regional group of connected populations of a species
      - ex- population becomes extinct, the patch it occupied may be recolonized by immigrants from another population
  - - - the number of infant deaths per 1,000 live births, and life expectancy at birth
      - vary widely in different countries
    - - approximately 8.1–10.6 billion people in 2050
      - are we already overpopulated
    - - the relative number of individuals of each age in the population
      - graphed as pyramids
      - shows age, sex, birth's and deaths
    - - have we reached or passed K, our carrying capacity
      - depends on how fast we are wasting our resources
    - - high HBR/HDR to LBR/LDR
      - improve living conditions
    - - the aggregate land and water area required by each person, city, or nation to produce all the resources
      - piece of land someone uses
    - - help lower the spread of diseases
      - longer living
- - - - some areas may receive regular precipitation throughout the year, whereas other areas may have distinct wet and dry seasons
      - Climograph
        
        A plot of the annual mean temp. and precipitation in a particular region
    - - Ecotone
        
        overlap of different environment , texas
      - canopy
        
        the low-tree layer, the shrub understory, the ground layer of herbaceous plants
      - Disturbance
        
        is any event that changes a community removing organisms
      - Biomes
        
        Desert
        
        savanna
        
        Tropical forest
        
        chaparral
        
        Temperate grasslands
        
        northern coniferous forest
        
        temperate broadleaf forest
        
        tundra
    - - major life zones characterized by vegetation type in terrestrial biomes
        
        highest from ground
  - - - moist air approaches a mountain, the air rises and cools, releasing moisture on the windward side of the peak
      - Rain shadow
        
        air comes down absorbing moister - leaving the area dry
    - - determined by location on earth and its tilt
      - no seasons occur near the equator "tropics"
    - - very fine, localized patterns in climatic conditions
      - small, typical climate for small environment different from actual climate
    - - Global climate patterns
        
        determined by solar energy and earths movement in space
        
        warming establishes temp. variations and movements of air and water
      - the long-term prevailing weather conditions in a given area
    - - large-scale change in Earth’s climate profoundly affects the biosphere
      - Climate change
        
        directional change to global climate that last three decades or more
    - - Light
      - Precepitation
      - Temperature
      - Wind
  - - - abyssal zone
        
        deep zone- 2,000/6,000 m below the surface
      - benthic zone
        
        deep or shallow water made of sand and inorganic sediments
      - pelagic zone
        
        both photic and aphotic
      - benthos
        
        collectively occupied by communities of organisms
      - aphotic zone
        
        little light penetrates
      - detritus
        
        major food source for benthic species -dead organic matter
      - photic zone
        
        layer, sufficient light for photosynthesis
      - Thermocline
        
        warmer upper layer of water from uniformly cold deep waters
      - Turnover
        
        switching over water zones according to seasons or temperature
  - - - causes seasons
      - summer solstice- june 21 st
      - 23.5 degrees tilt
      - winter solstice December 21st
      - equinox
        
        march 20th-september 22nd
    - - ^rising air content much precipitation in tropics region 0 degrees
      - V. 30 degrees north and south - descends absorb moisture creating arid climate -Deserts
      - ^ 60 degrees north and south- rising and release abundant precipitations
      - Then descends and flows back toward the equator
    - - 23 degrees north and south latitude is the most light and heat is delivered here
      - North and south poles
        
        receive less light
        
        90 degrees
    - - the study of the interactions between organisms and the environment
      - Environment
        
        many organisms and physical aspects of an organism's surroundings
      - Global ecology
        
        climate change/ view of entire planet
      - Landscape ecology
        
        many ecosystems
      - Population ecology
        
        Species in multiple areas
      - Ecosystem ecology
        
        beyond community- air- chemistry + nonliving+ weather
      - Organismal ecology
        
        a particular species + enviornment
      - Community ecology
        
        all organisms in a specific geographical area
  - - - amount of salt concentration
      - high-salinity habitats typically have few species of plants or animals
      - affects the water balance of organisms through osmosis
    - - he movement of individuals or gametes away from their area of origin or from centers of high population density
    - - Water affects oxygen availability in aquatic environments and in flooded soils, where the slow diffusion of oxygen in water can limit cellular respiration and other physiological processes.
    - - range expansions
        
        organism migrate to places where they did not exist
    - - change in temperature can alter an organisms geographic range
    - - intentional or accidental transplants of the species to areas where it was previously absent
    - - whether abiotic factors, such as temperature, water, oxygen, salinity, sunlight, or soil, might be limiting a species’ distribution
    - - ability of a species to survive and reproduce is reduced by its interactions with other species,
    - - Sunlight provides the energy that drives most ecosystems
    - - the pH, mineral composition, and physical structure
      - through extreme acidic or basic conditions, or indirectly, by affecting