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Flowers and reproduction (Sexual reproduction (the plant life cycle…

- - - - a large spreading or vining plants grows to several meters in length, and individual parts become self-sufficient by establishing adventitious roots
- - - - diploid adults have sex organs that produce haploid cells
      - either sperms or eggs
    - - diploid fertilized egg
    - - the plants you are familiar with trees , shrubs and herbs are all just one phase of the plant cycle
      - Sporophytes
        
        are always diploid, like most adult animals and they have organs its results in haploid spores
    - - or "female" or megagamtophytes
    - - megagametophytes from megaspores
  - - - petals
        
        above the sepals on the receptacle are petals which together make up the corolla
        
        sepals and petals together constitute the flowers perianth
      - stamens
        
        above the petals, known collectively as the androecium
        
        have two parts the filament and anther
        
        these mircospores mother cells or microsporocytes continue to enlarge and then undergo meiosis each producing four mircospores
        
        neighboring anther cells in layer called the tapetum, act as nurse cells, contributing to microspore development and maturation
      - sepals
        
        are the lowermost and outermost of the four floral appendages
      - carpels
        
        constitute the gynoecium
        
        (1) stigma that catches pollen grains
        
        (2) a style that elevates the stigma to a useful position
        
        (3) an ovary where megaspores are produced
        
        inside the ovary are placentae regions of tissue that bear small structures ovules
        
        the ovule has a central mass of parenchyma called a nucellus
  - - - develop into microgamtophytes
      - there it divides mitotically, producing a large vegataitve cell and a small Len-shaped generative cell
      - after a pollen grain lands on a stigma, it germinates by producing a pollen tube that penetrates in to the loose open tissues of the stigma
    - - the technical term for a multinucleate megagametophyte is embryo sac
      - the seven cells are one large central cell with two polar nuclei, three small antipodal cells and an egg apparatus consisting of two synergids and an egg
- - - - the latter organs are essential organs because they produce the critically important spores, if either organ is absent, sexual reproduction is dramatically affected.
    - - and the species is said to be dioecious
    - - Monoecious species
  - - - these flowers are actinomorphic or regular
  - - - also can result if receptacle tissue grows upward around the ovary
    - - intermediate, partially buried ovaries are half-inferior with perigynous flower parts
- - - - Runners, breaks, carried
        
        grow new plants
    - - Above dies, under lives
- - - - Plasma membrane that lined the plasmodesma continues to line the sieve pore
  - - - therefore; sieve pores also occur clustered together in groups called
        
        sieve area
- - - - stinging nettle
    - - Allows water molecules to diffuse out of the stoma to bounce back in rather than be swept away by air currents
  - - - in between them
        
        open up in the daytime letting CO2 enter the plant
    - - swell by absorbing water
  - - - builds up as more or less pure layers
- - - - usually leaves during the summer and tubers or rhizomes in spring and transport to where sugar is needed
        
        growing tips of shoots, roots, young leaves and flowers
  - - - the minerals and a bit of water are used by surrounding cells