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Organelles (Membrane-Bound (Cilia & undulipodia (Protrusions from the…

- - - - Double membrane
      - Contains linear DNA
      - Contains chromatin
        
        Genetic material (DNA) wrapped around histone proteins
        
        When the cell is about to divide, chromatin condenses & supercoils into chromosomes
      - Control centre
        
        Instructions for protein synthesis
      - 0.5um
    - - Pores
        
        Larger substances, mRNA & steroid hormones, can leave nucleus
      - Separates the contents of the nucleus from the rest of the cell
    - - No membrane
      - Contains RNA
      - Ribosomes made
  - - - Contain fluid-filled cavities; cisternae
        
        Continuous with the nuclear membrane
        
        Increases SA for ribosome attachment
        
        To assemble amino acids into proteins
    - - Cisternae form cannels
  - - - Contain fluid-filled cavities; cisternae
        
        Continuous with the nuclear membrane
        
        Increases SA for enzyme attachment
        
        To catalyse lipids
    - - Synthesis of cholesterol, lipids & phospholipids
  - - - Adding sugar molecules = glycoprotein
      - Adding lipid molecules = lipoprotein
      - Folding into 3D shape
      - Then packaged into vesicles; pinched off
        
        Stored in cell or moved to plasma membrane (exported or incorporated)
  - - - Inner membrane; highly folded into cristae
        
        Increases SA for reactions
    - - Self replicating
    - - Abundant where metabolic activity occurs
  - - - Selectively permeable
      - Contains sap
        
        H2O & solutes
  - - - Inner membrane; continuous with stacks of flattened membrane sacs; thylakoids; contain chlorophyll
        
        Stack/ pile = Granum
    - - Light energy trapped by chlorophyll; used to make ATP in grana
        
        H2O split for H+ ions
        
        Hydrogen reduces CO2, with ATP; make C6H12O6 in stroma
      - Light dependent reactions
  - - - Keeps enzymes separate from the rest of the cell
    - - Programmed cell death/ apoptosis & immune system
- - - - 2 subunits
  - - - Made of tubulin
        
        9:3 arrangement
    - - Chromosomes attached are dragged by motor proteins to opposite ends
    - - Centrioles multiply & line up beneath plasma membrane
        
        Microtubules spout outwards
        
        Forms cilia/ undulipodia
  - - - Made of actin
        
        7nm
    - - 10nm
      - Cell to cell signalling
      - Anchor nucleus; protection
      - Stabilise tissues
    - - Made of tubulin
      - 18-30nm
      - Shape & support
      - Substance & organelle movement
        
        Form track for motor proteins & spindle for cell division
      - Make up cilia, undulipodia & centrioles
    - - Myosins
        
        Kinesins
        
        Dyneins