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Seed Plants II: Angiosperms (Monocots ("broadleaf" (palms,…
Seed Plants II: Angiosperms
Concepts
Magnoliophyta
Angiospermophyta
peak of plant evolution
angiosperms
evolved to reward pollinators
new types of antiherbivore componuds
poison ivy
poison sumac
deadly nightshade
chili peppers
mustard oil
onion oils
Conifers
Pinaceae
new genera
gynosperm
unnatural group
all the seed plants except angiosperms
angiosperm carpels
edges of sporophyll primordia crowd each other
closed carpel
develops in fruit that encloses embryo
double fertilization
2nd sperm cell fuses with
polar nuclei making endosperm nuceus
vessel elements
basal angiosperms
primitively vesselless
wood without vessels
Amborella
secondary vesselless
fusion of carpels
pistil
fusion of petals
sympetally & floral zygomorphy
flowers formed
bilaterally symmetrical
other specialized characters
happened after angiosperms were diversified
succulence
parasitism
epiphytism
bulbs
corms
tubers
tendrils
insect-trapping leaves
some groups still changing
grasses
composites
bromeliads
orchids
Changing Concepts About Early Angiosperms
Upper Cretesous
leaf fossils
asignedd to
based on size and shape
but examination of
stomata
cuticle
venation
Quercus
Populus
Magnolia
wind-pollenated trees
grouped into subclass Hamameliadae
most relictual living flowering plants
could not be relictual
wood contains
abundant pyrenchyama
vessles
fibers
alders
elms
oaks
plane trees
100 years ago
C. E. Bassey
ranalean flower
can differentiate flowers by types of ancestor
arranged spirally
magnlia-type flower is relictual
generalized
has all parts
stamens
speals
petals
carpels
angiosperms
has several clades
hamaelid taxa
convergent evolution
homospory
angiosperms
monphyleti
DNA proof
development plasticity
double fertilization
flowers
transitioned in Jurassic/Lower Cretaceous of Mesozoic Era
earliest fossils
Plantaginopsis
both dicot and moncot
Magnoliaephylum
Ficolphyllum
Vitiplhylum
Classification of Flowering Plants
An Integrated System of Classification of Flowering Plants
Dr. Arthur Cronquist of New York Botanical Garden
DNA
biochemistry
anatomy
Plants Systematics
W. S Judd et al
A Phylogenetic Approach
Michael Simpson
Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (AGP)
semi-informa; collaboration
Missouri Botanical Garden
www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/
2 distinct lines
monocot
one cotyedon on each embryo
parallel veins
elongated and straped leaves
grasses
lillies
irises
vascular distributed throughout stem
ordinary secondary growth/wood
flowers arranged in 3's
3 septals
3 petals
3 stamens
3 carpels
eudicot
more diverse
greater numbers of
families
genres
species
2 cotyledons on embryos
reticulatae venation in leaves
vascular bundles occur in a ring
can be
woody
herbacious
succulant
other highly modified forms
flowers occur in sets of 4 or 5
rarely in sets of 3
early angiosperms
basal angiosperms
were either monocots or eudicots
DNA prooves reproductively seperate
Amborella
Austrobaileyales
Nyphaeales
Basal Angiosperms
#
3 clades
Amborellaceae
#
small trees in New Caledonia
mostly trachieds/ no wood
diecious
both kinds of flowers
staminate
numerous stamens
carpellate
5-6 carpels
loose
Nymphaeaceae
#
#
water lillies
ordinary conditions would kill them
pollinated by animals
Austrobaileyales
#
woody trees
bisexual flowers
stamens/carpels similar to Amborella
plesiomorphies
family Magnoliaceae
Magnolia
stamen/carpels of flowers
arranged spirally
single germiantion
uniperturate
magnoloid
laurels
avocado
peppers
peperomias
Monocots
Commelinoid Monocots
Arecales
Palmea
solitary trunk
scattered vascular bundles
occur at shoot Alex
prostrate trunk
Sabal
vines
Daemonorops
leaves
pinnate
palmate
palm fruit
coconuts
dates
Poales
Poaceae
Typha
cattails
ponds
marshy areas
spread by subterranean rhizomes
with axillary buds
staminate flowers
tiny fruits
bromeliads
tropical epiphytes
very adaptable
segdes
have edges
most foods
wheat
barley
oats
rye
corn
"ear" is inflorescent
"silk" compound style/stigma
caryopes
single-seeded dried fruits
rice
sugar cane
building materials
bamboo
grasses
main source of feed
cattle
pigs
sheep
wind-pollinated
rushes
round but hollow
Zingiberales
#
houseplants
canna lilies
gingers
banana
birds of paradise
showy flowers pollinated by
insects
birds
bats
largest family
zingiberaceae
almost all tropical
soft, nonleathery herbs
believed to be from angiosperms
gynoocia
made of several carpels
fused or slightly together
perianth
6 memebers of tepals
theory of parallel leaves
lived as aquatic plants
adapted its leaves
mutations resulted in basal meristem
strap-shaped leaves
"broadleaf"
palms
philodendrons
dieffenbachias
marginal meristem
10 orders
Alistamatales
aquatic herbs
Sagittaria
Hydrilla
Najas
Hydrocharis
sea grasses
Hydrocharitaceae
Najadaceae
Posidoniaceae
Ruppiaceae
Zosteraceae
completelty sumerged in water
Araceae
houseplants
Philodendron
Anthurium
Arisaema
Dieffenbachia
Liliales
petalpoid monocots
previous families are grouped in Asparagales
largest family
Liliaceae
ornamental plants
Lilium
Tulipa
Calochortus
Fritillaria
Colchicaceae
Gloriosa
Colichicum
Smilacaceae
tough/fiborous vines
Asparagales
carpals fuse together
septa
open areas secrete nectar
septal nectaries
ranging from
small, delicate bulbs
to vining epiphytes
orchids
bulbs
rhizomes
corms
highly-branched trees
Ruscaceae
dragon tree
Agavaceae
Joshua tree
diversified biochemically
Orchidaceae
largest most diverse family
epiphytic
terrestrial
subterranean parasutic
zygomorphic flowers
orchids
thousands of tiny seeds in each fruit
germiantion must occur as symbiosis
Dioscoreales
Dioscorea
yams
reticulate venation
Eudicots
Basal Eudicots
#
Ranunculaceae
#
little fusion in flowers
Buttercups
windflowers
Clematis
Papaveraceae
prickly poppy
California poppy
poppies
opium poppy
pain killer
wind-pollinated
hamamelids
plane trees
#
spherical clusters ofhundreds of flowers
of tiny dry fruits
Caryophyllales
core Caryophyllales
cacti
iceplants
portulaca
bougainvilla
four-o'clocks
spinach
beets
Russian thistle
carnations
chick weeds
water-soluable pigments
betalains
nucleus cells proliforate
perisperm
extra layer of nutrients
Santalales
sandalwood family
Santalum
mistletoe
Rosid Clade
Vitales
grape family
grape juice
raisins
table grapes
wine
from one grape species
Geraniales
pinnately compounded leaves
Rosales
5 orders make 75%
legumes
evening primrose
poinsettia
roses, elms, weed
maples, horse chestnuts, creosote bush
subclass
roses
legumes
redbuds
clover
evening primrose
dogwood
maples
dill
cellery
carrots
parsely
hemlock
Asterid Clade
most derived large clade
sunflowers
periwinkle
petunia
morning glory
sympetalous flowers
stamens equal petal lobes
stamens alternate with petals
iridoid compounds
harmful chemicals
grouped in 2 small orders
lamiids
campanulids