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Chapters 51-53 (Chapter 53: Population Ecology (population density and…
Chapters 51-53
Chapter 53: Population Ecology
population growth
exponential curve
: the population grows exponentially and may reach a peak then drop and "crash" due to lack of resources and overpopulation, ex: daphnia population
logistic curve
: the slope eventually levels out and population remains steady over time, when a population reaches and maintains itself at carrying capacity, ex: paramecium population in small culture
population growth factors
density dependent
: death rate that rises or birth rate that falls with increasing density
predation: higher death
territoriality: competition for space as a resource, reduces reproduction rate
intrinsic factors: aggressive interactions, hormonal changes, reduces reproduction rate
disease: higher death
competition for resources: reduces reproduction rates, higher death
toxic wastes: higher death
density independent
: a birth or death rate that does not change with population density
drought: same ratio die from dehydration when population grows
antibiotics: rates remain constant as population grows, same ratio of people are saved
population density and dispersion factors
uniform dispersion
: territoriality, uniform distribution of populations
random dispersion
: effected by another force, ex: wind blows seeds to any place
clumped dispersion
: focused where the resources are
human population growth
history of human population growth (billions): 5000 BC - .005 B, 1000 BC - .05 B, 1600 AD - .5 B, 1804 - 1 B, 1927 - 2 B, 1960 - 3 B, 1960 - 3 B, 1974 - 4 B, 1887 - 5 B, 1999 - 6 B, 2011 - 7 B
China, India, and the U.S. have the highest growth rate
ecological footprint
: representation of all the resources a person uses, the area of space of what it took to come up with those resources
Chapter 52: Ecology and the Biosphere
terrestrial biomes
chaparral
precipitation: wet season & dry season (seasonal fires)
temperature: hot summers, cooler winters
location: mid latitude, near coastlines, ex: California
dominant organisms: shrubs, woody plants, deer, rabbits, birds, reptiles
temperate grassland
precipitation: wet summers & dry winters
temperature: about -10°C-30°C
location: 30°-70° latitude, ex: Texas
dominant organisms: grasses, large herbivores(horses, cows), prairie dogs
savanna
precipitation: typically dry
temperature: mostly hot
location: equatorial or subequatorial
dominant organisms: thorny trees, grass, large grazing animals, termites, large predators
northern coniferous forest
precipitation: varied, wide range
temperature: cold
location: north Siberia, all of Canada
dominant organisms: coniferous plants, birds, small & large mammals
desert
precipitation: dry
temperature: very hot/cold or very cold
location: 30° latitude
dominant organisms: cacti, arthropods, reptiles, some mammals
temperate broadleaf forest
precipitation: wet all year
temperature: really hot & really cold
location: mid latitudes
dominant organisms: deciduous trees, eucalyptus trees, mammals that hibernate, birds
tropical forest
precipitation: very wet or seasonal
temperature: hot
location: equatorial or subequatorial
dominant organisms: trees, arthropods, birds, mammals
tundra
precipitation: varied, sometimes a lot, sometimes not
temperature: freezing most of the time, a little above and well below freezing
location: the poles, high elevation, tops of mountains
dominant organisms: shrubs, mosses, grasses, small mammals, large mammals
aquatic biomes
estuaries
geological: flow patterns and sediment create network of tidal channels, islands, and mudflats
organisms: saltmarsh grasses, algae, phytoplankton, fishes, worms, oysters, crabs
chemical: salinity varies bc there is freshwater and saltwater, many nutrients
physical: transition between river and sea, seawater flows up during rising tide
intertidal zones
geological: rocky & sandy, magnitude of tides influenced by configuration of bays or coastlines
organisms: marine algae, seagrass, worms, clams, predatory crustaceans, sponges, sea anemones, echinoderms, small fishes
chemical: high oxygen and nutrient levels, renewed with each turn of tides
physical: periodically submerged and exposed by tides, longer exposure to air in upper zones
streams and rivers
chemical: salt and nutrients increase from headwaters to the mouth, headwaters are rich in oxygen, dissolved or highly fragmented organic matter
geological: headwater is narrow and rocky, downstream is wide and meandering, silty river bottoms
physical: headwater streams are cold and fast, downstream is warmer and turbid, stratified into vertical zones
organisms: phytoplankton, rooted aquatic plants, fishes, invertebrates
oceanic pelagic zone
chemical: high oxygen levels, lower nutrient levels, but turnover renews nutrients
geological: 70% of earth's surface, average depth of 4,000m
physical: vast, wind driven oceanic currents, photic zone extends to greater depths than coastal marine waters
organisms: phytoplankton, photosynthetic bacteria, zooplankton - protists, worms, copepods, shrimp-like krill, jellies, small larvae of invertebrates, fishes, large squids, sea turtles, marine mammals
wetlands
chemical: periodically low in dissolved oxygen, filter dissolved nutrients and chemical pollutants
geological: shallow basins or flooded banks of rivers or coasts of lakes or seas (freshwater or marine)
physical: inundated by water at least some of the time, water-saturated soil
organisms: plants adapted to water-saturated soil, black spruce, woody plants, sphagnum mosses
coral reefs
geological: fringing reef on young, high island to barrier reef offshore then coral atoll as older island emerges
organisms: unicellular algae, multicellular red and green algae, corals, fishes, invertebrates
chemical: high oxygen levels, excluded by high inputs of fresh water and nutrients
physical: calcium carbonate skeletons of corals, photic zone, near islands
lakes
chemical:
oligotrophic
- nutrient-poor, oxygen-rich,
eutrophic
- nutrient-rich, oxygen-depleted, frozen on top in winter
geological: eutrophic lakes are deeper, oligotrphic become more eutrophic over time
physical: large standing bodies of water, stratification, thermocline
organisms:
littoral zone
: rooted aquatic plants,
limnetic zone
: phytoplankton, zooplankton (heterotroph),
benthic zone
: invertebrates, fish live where oxygen-sufficient
marine benthic zone
chemical: sufficient concentrations of oxygen, some oxygen enrichment
geological: soft sediments, some rocky areas on reefs, submarine mountains, and new oceanic crust
physical: seafloor below surface waters of neritic zone, mostly receives no sunlight, cold temperatures, very high water pressure
organisms: seaweeds, filamentous algae, chemoautotrophic prokaryotes, invertebrates, fishes, giant tube worms, arthropods, echinoderms
environmental factors
rotation of earth
: places get differing amounts of sunlight at various times in a day, trade winds
coriolis effect
: caused by rotation of earth, wind blows west at equator (direction of rotation), clockwise in the northern hemisphere, counterclockwise in the southern hemisphere
tilt of earth
: 23.5°, hemispheres & poles & equator get differing amounts of sunlight
rainshadow effect
: warm moist air from body of water, blows up mountains and cools & rains, dry cold air at top of mountains, cold dry air blows down mountains, warm dry air collects moisture on other side of mountains
latitude
: the equator 0° starts with hot air and air rises and moisture is lost as rain (low pressure), air sinks at 30° and gathers moisture (high pressure), rises again at 60°, sinks again at 90° the poles
Chapter 51: Animal Behavior
major motivations:
mates: how they attract or find mates
danger: avoidance of predators, how they escape or warn others
food: the way that they attain their food
protection: defenses, hiding
evolution
genetic behaviors can evolve if the population survives and passes down the genes
life experience can also alter a learned behavior if a reason to adapt it comes along
types:
associative learning
: associating multiple stimuli, results in connections between them, ex: pavlov's dogs
trial & error (operant conditioning)
: teaching through trial and error, ex: skinner box rats, crow vending machine
imprinting
: offspring imprints on parent in its critical period of development, ex: ducklings
habituation
: learning to ignore a stimulus that is unimportant, ex: prairie dogs ignore harmless "threats"
fixed action pattern
: not learned, behavior triggered by a certain stimulus for a certain purpose, advantageous, ex: goose pulls golf balls into nest
observational learning
: learning from observation and seeing something be done, ex: mirror neurons, octopus, baby
innate
: instinct, genetic, behavior you have from birth, ex: sea turtle hatchlings
insight
: problem-solving, seeing beyond the immediate, consequences, ex: people, primates, dolphins, ravens