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Prejudice (Early signs of prejudice (Exp 1:
5 - 6 month old
American…
Prejudice
Early signs of prejudice
Research: Native language of social cognition
- whether infants and young children show visual and social preferences for native speakers
Exp 1:
- 5 - 6 month old
- American English-speaking families
- viewed alt. sound films of 2 adults both speak in American English
- One film was played forward (natural speech), another was played in reverse (unnatural speech)
Results:
DV = preferential looking time
- Infants looked longer at forward speakers
Exp 2:
to improve on exp 1
- investigate specificity of language-induced preference = women were replaced by 2 moving geometric forms
Results:
- no preference
- infants' looking preference for visual display accompanied by natural speech was higher for speaking faces than inanimate objects
Exp 3:
- 6 m/o
- since reverse speech falls outside of the domains of possible human languages
- 2 women now speaking in natural speech; American vs Spanish
Results:
- infants looked longer at person who spoke in native language
Exp 4:
- 10 m/o
- either from monolingual English/ French-speaking families
- watched alternative films of monolingual English/French-speaking adults
- Adults then silently offered an identical toy each
Results:
- infants preferentially selected toy from native speaker
Exp 5:
- 5 y/o
- monolingual English families
- viewed photographs of 2 unfamiliar children while hearing each child speak English vs French
Results:
- preferred to be friends with the child who speak in native language
Exp 6:
- experimenting with foreign accent
- replicate exp 3 and exp 5
Results:
- (re Exp 3) 5 -6 m/o preferred speaker with native accent
- (re Exp 5) 5 y/o chose to be friends with child who spoke English in native accent > French accent
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Main theories
Social Identity Theory
systematic ingroup bias creates relatively high ingroup status > provide a positive social identity for ingroup members > satisfy their need for positive self-esteem
Terror Management Theory
ppl have a need for self-preservation
- the need is frustrated by awareness of inevitability of own death > to deal with this, people adopt a cultural worldview that imbues subjective reality with stability and permanence = provides standards of value against which judgements of self-esteem can be made
- self-esteem provides a buffer against the anxiety caused by awareness of death
Social Dominance Theory
Society contains ideologies that either promote/ attenuate intergroup hierarchies
- individuals with high social domination orientation (SDO) have strong desire to promote intergroup hierarchies and for their ingroup to dominate outgroups
- posited that men should have stronger SDO than women
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Prejudice = +ve/ -ve evaluation of a another person, based on their perceived group membership
Discrimination = harmful actions towards other, based on their group membership
Intergroup bias = systematic tendency to evaluate one's ingroup member more favorably than outgroup members