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Chapters 51, 52, 53 (Animal Behavior (Motivations (food (rats know…
Chapters 51, 52, 53
Animal Behavior
innate
behavior that is part of an organism's genetics; instinct
hognose snakes play dead when they are threatened
human babies have a 'grasping' instinct
fixed action pattern
behavior that is triggered by something for a purpose
a goose putting misplaced eggs, even things that aren't eggs (light bulb), back into nest
imprinting
behavior that only happens during a period of life
ducklings follow their mother or any other organism that appears to them as a motherly figure
associative learning
something is associated with another object
Pavlov's dogs were trained to expect food when they hear a bell
bears look for food around campsites and cars
trial & error
learn that a reward is given after doing a certain action; operant conditioning)
Skinner box- rats pull lever for food
crows get food from a machine by inserting coin
habituation
when a stimulus repeats itself frequently, an organism learns to ignore it
prairie dog stops doing alarm call when it realizes an organism that passes by frequently is not a threat
sea anemone learns to not eat plastic when it triggers its mouth
observational learning
mirror neurons cause an organism to do what they see
octopus opening a container after watching another octopus opening it
monkey sticks its tongue out when human does
insight
an organism makes connections; predicts outcomes and learns consequences of actions
chimp stacking boxes to get to banana
Motivations
food
rats know they'll get food if they pull a lever in the Skinner box (trial & error)
mates
during mating season, organisms know it is time to mate (innate)
avoiding predators
when an organism is threatened its fight or flight response is triggered (fixed action pattern)
protection (parents - young)
when a female has young, she knows she has to take care of them and protect them (imprinting)
Evolving
survival
if an organism survives with certain behaviors, the behaviors were successful and will get passed down
reproduction
the organisms that survive with certain behaviors will most likely mate and pass down their traits
the organisms will adapt over generations and the behaviors will evolve
Population Ecology
human population growth
world population
5000 BC - 1804: 0.005 -1 billion, 1804-2011: 1-7 billion
countries with the highest populations: China, India, United States
countries with the highest growth rate: underdeveloped countries in Africa
ecological footprint: geographic representation that represents all the resources a person uses
people in a highly developed country: 24 acres; people in an underdeveloped or developing countries: 2.4 acres
factors that affect population density and dispersion
survivorship curve
I
: high infant survival rate,starts to decline at elderly (humans, mammals carefully raise few young)
II
: steady decline (squirrels, bugs don't live long and die at random points in their lives)
III
: fast decline from infant to young adult, steadies out at adult to elderly (fish, plants, amphibians, reptiles lay lots of eggs and not many survive)
common dispersion patterns: clumped (mobile organisms), random (trees), uniform (territorial)
organisms go where there are resources
factors that affect population growth
births, deaths, immigration, emigration
density dependent: competition for resources, disease, predation, teritoriality, intrinsic factors, toxic wastes
density independent: drought, antibiotics
models of population growth
exponential: when a population experiences ideal conditions that cause the population to increase by a constant proportion at each instant in time
human population is growing exponentially and may experience a crash soon
logistic: per capita rate of population growth approaches zero as the population size nears the carrying capacity
the paramecium population in a lab has limited resources, lacks predators, and has competing species that reduce growth of the population
Ecology and the Biosphere
terrestrial biomes
tropical forest (rain forest and dry forest)
location: equatorial and subequatorial regions
precipitation: constant rain (rain), seasonal rain (dry)
temperature: hot
dominant plants: (rain) broadleaf evergreen trees, shrubs, herbs, orchids, (dry) deciduous trees, thorny shrubs, succulents
dominant animals: amphibians, birds, reptiles, mammals, arthropods
desert
temperature: hot during day, cold at night
dominant plants: cacti
precipitation: dry
dominant animals: snakes, scorpions, lizards
location: 30 latitude north and south
savanna
temperature: changes seasonally, but usually hot
dominant plants: grass
precipitation: relatively dry
dominant animals: large grazing animals, termites
location: equatorial and subequatorial regions
chaparral
temperature: cool all year, but summers are hot
dominant plants: shrubs
precipitation: seasonal- rainy winters, dry summers
dominant animals: birds, snakes, scorpions
location: midlatitude coastal regions
temperate grassland
temperature: winters are cold, summers are hot
dominant plants: grass, flowers
precipitation: winters are dry, summers are wet
dominant animals: large grazing animals
location: 30-60 latitude
northern coniferous forest
temperature: winters are cold, summers are hot
dominant plants: coniferous trees
dominant animals: bears, birds, small animals
precipitation: 30-70 inches, periodic droughts
location: north US, Canada, Siberia
temperate broadleaf forest
temperature: winters are freezing, summers are hot and humid
dominant plants: deciduous trees
precipitation: wet
dominant animals: birds, insects
location: mid-latitudes
tundra
temperature: cold
dominant plants: shrubs, mosses, lichens
precipitation: dry
dominant animals: bears, birds, deer, wolves
location: tops of mountains, poles
aquatic biomes
lakes
geological characteristics: oligotrophic lakes have less surface area relative to depth than eutrophic lakes
dominant autotrophs: littoral zone- rooted and floating, limnetic zone- phytoplankton (cyanobacteria)
chemical characteristics: oligotrophic- nutrient poor and oxygen rich, eutrophic- nutrient rich and oxygen poor
dominant heterotrophs: fish, limnetic zone- zooplankton, benthic zone- invertebrates
physical characteristics: standing body of water
wetlands
geological characteristics: basin wetlands- shallow, range from upland depressions to filled in lakes and ponds, riverine wetlands- shallow and periodically flooded banks of rivers and streams, fringe wetlands- along the coasts of large lakes and seas
dominant autotrophs: pond lilies, cattails, sedges, bald cypress, black spruce, (swamps) woody plants, (bogs) sphagnum mosses
dominant heterotrophs: invertebrates, birds, crustaceans, muskrats, dragonflies, otters, frogs, alligators, herons
chemical characteristics: water and soil are periodically low in dissolved oxygen, high capacity to filter dissolved nutrients and chemical pollutants
physical characteristics: inundated by water, support plants adapted to water-saturated soil
streams/rivers
geological characteristics: narrow, rocky bottom, alter between shallow sections and deep pools, downstream areas are wide
dominant autotrophs: phytoplankon and rooted aquatic plants
chemical characteristics: salt and nutrient content increases from the headwaters to the mouth, headwaters are rich in oxygen
dominant heterotrophs: fish, invertebrates
physical characteristics: headwater streams are cold, clear, swift, and turbulent; rivers are warm, turbid
estuaries
geological characteristics: flow patterns combined with sediments carried by river and tidal waters create a complex network of tidal channels, islands, natural levees, and mudflats
dominant autotrophs: saltmarsh grasses and algae, phytoplankton
chemical characteristics: salinity varies spatially and with the rise and fall of the tides
dominant heterotrophs: worms, oysters, crabs, fish, waterfowl, marine mammals
physical characteristics: transition area between river and sea
intertidal zones
geological characteristics: rocky or sandy; the configuration of bays or coastlines influences the magnitude of tiides and the relative exposure of intertidal organisms to wave action
dominant autotrophs: rocky-marine algae, sandy- seagrass and algae
chemical characteristics: oxygen and nutrient levels are generally high and are renewed with each turn of the tides
dominant heterotrophs: worms, clams, predatory crustaceans, sponges, sea anemones, echinoderms, small fish
physical characteristics: periodically submerged and exposed by tides, twice daily on most marine shores
oceanic pelagic zone
geological characteristics: 70% of Earth's surface, average depth of 4,000 m
dominant autotrophs: phytoplankton, photosynthetic bacteria
chemical characteristics: oxygen levels are high, nutrient levels are low because they are thermally stratified
dominant heterotrophs: zooplankton, worms, copepods, krill, jellies, invertebrates, fish, large squids, sea turtles, marine mammals
physical characteristics: vast realm of open blue water, constantly mixed by wind driven ocean currents
coral reefs
geologic characteristics: fringing reef -> barrier reef -> coral atoll
dominant autotrophs: unicellular algae live within the tissues of the corals providing organic molecules
chemical characteristics: corals require high oxygen levels and are excluded by high inputs of fresh water and nutrients
dominant heterotrophs: corals, fish, invertebrates
physical characteristics: calcium carbonate skeletons of corals, shallow reef-building corals live in the photic zone of tropical marine environments, sensitiv eto temperatures below 18-20 C and above 30 C
marine benthic zones
geological characteristics: soft sediments cover most of it, areas of rocky substrate on reefs, submarine mountains, and new oceanic crust
dominant autotrophs: seaweed, filamentous algae
chemical characteristics: oxygen is present in sufficient concentrations except in areas of organic enrichment
dominant heterotrophs: fish, giant tube worms, arthropods, echinoderms
physical characteristics: seafloor below the surface waters of the coastal zone no sunlight, low water temperature, high pressure
factors that create an environment
Coriolis effect
wind patterns caused by the Earth's rotation; water circulation in the ocean is determined by the latitude and longitude
rainshadow effect
the side of a mountain range that is closer to the ocean has warm, wet air, and the other side of the mountain range gets cold, dry air
tilt of the Earth: 23.5
seasons occur at different times in different areas on the planet because they don't get an even amount of sunlight throughout the year
latitude (horizontal) and longitude (vertical)
air rises at a latitude of 30, rises = low pressure
air sinks at a latitude of 60, sinks = high pressure
equator gets most direct sunlight, poles get little sunlight
climate is affected by temperature, sunlight, precipitation, wind