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Haemorrhage (Subdural haematoma (Clinical manifestations (Change in…
Haemorrhage
Subdural haematoma
Defination
collection of blood outside the brain
Risk factors
Head injury.
Anti coagulants
Aspirin
seizure disorders
Clinical manifestations
Change in behavior.
Headache.
Dizziness.
Nausea and vomiting
Confusion.
Weakness
Management
Surgical
Craniotomy
Craniectomy
Burr hole trephination.
Nursing
Neurological assessment
Medical
Analgesics
maintenance of adequate cerebral perfusion
seizure prevention and treatment
anticoagulants
diagnostic studies
CT scan
MRI scan
angiography
causes
Head injury
Bleeding disorder
Blood thinners
Intracerebral haemorrhage
Defination
type of intracranial bleed that occurs within the brain tissue or ventricles.
Risk factors
drug abuse
problems with blood-clotting
ruptured cerebral aneurysm
blood disorders
trauma/head injury
Clinical manifestations
trouble speaking
loss of consciousness
confusion
extreme fatigue
sudden, severe headache
loss of balance
sudden tingling/weakness
Management
Surgical
remove the blood clot
repair any damaged arteries
relieve pressure on the brain.
Nursing
Health educate
not smoke
Anti seizures
Reduce risk of haemorrhage
Medical
Speech therapy
Analgesics
Anti seizures
Pathophysiology
Hematoma expansion occurs in a large subset
hematoma growth provides a potential opportunity for therapeutic intervention
Subarachnoid haemorrhage
stroke caused by bleeding into the space surrounding the brain( subarachnoid space)
Clinical manifestations
Sensitivity to light.
Vision loss.
Nausea/ vomiting
Severe headache
Neck stiffness
Seizures
Abnormal heart rhythm
Risk factors
Gender
Women
Smoking.
Hypertension
Oral contraceptives
Alcohol intake.
Hormone replacement therapy
Pathophysiology
Blood is released into the subarachnoid space
Management
Nursing
Monitor blood pressure
Neurological assessments
Health educate
behavioural changes
Manage bleeding.
Medical
Anti hypertension drugs
Lumbar puncture
Surgical
Clipping of the aneurysm
Extradural bleeding
Is the bleeding between the tough outer membrane covering the brain (dura mater) and the skull.
Risk factors
Increased age.
history of GI bleeding
Aspirin usage.
Female
Clinical manifestations
Confusion
Severe headache.
Drowsiness.
Dizziness.
Nausea/ vomiting
Management
Surgical
Craniotomy
Medical
osmotic diuretics
hyperventilation
Nursing.
Comfortable bed
30 degrees elevation