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Congenital abnormalities of the eye (Glaucoma eyes_glaucoma …
Congenital abnormalities of the eye
Astigmatism
Defination
is a type of refractive error in which the eye does not focus light evenly on the retina.[
Causes
injury to the eye or after eye surgery.
genetic factores
Side effect
blurred vision
eyestrain,
headaches,
double vision,
difficulty seeing at night
Objective data
A Snellen chart or other eye charts
A keratometer .
Corneal topography
An autorefractor or retinoscopy
Jackson cross cylinders in a phoropter or trial frame may be used to subjectively refine those measurements.[
Subjective data
Squinting of the eye
headache
eye irritation
fuzzy vision at all distances (up close and far away)
Risk factores
a family history of astigmatism or other eye disorders,
scarring or thinning of your cornea
excessive nearsightedness,
excessive farsightedness,
history of certain types of eye surgery, such as cataract surgery (surgical removal of a clouded lens)
Treatment
Corrective eyeglasses and contact lenses
Orthokeratology (Ortho-K)
e laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK),
photorefractive keratectomy (PRK),
radial keratotomy (RK).
pathophysiology
astigmatism may be caused by asymmetry of the various srtuctures
such as anterior cornea, posterior cornea, the lens or the retina
These asymmetry structures alter the optics of the eye ,creating visual distortion.
The normal variation in oculor tissue translate into regulor astimagtism
Glaucoma
Defination
is a condition that causes damage to your eye's optic nerve and gets worse over time.
Causes
ntrinsic deterioration of the optic nerve
a blunt or chemical injury to your eye
severe eye infection,
blocked blood vessels inside the eye
inflammatory conditions.
Risk factores
Are of African-American, Irish, Russian, Japanese, Hispanic, Inuit, or Scandinavian descent
Are over 40
Have a family history of glaucoma
Have poor vision
Have diabetes
Take certain steroid medications, like prednisone
signs and symptoms
Seeing halos around lights
Vision loss
Redness in the eye
Eye that looks hazy
Nausea or vomiting
Objective data
tonometry
visual field test
Examination of the eye.
Subjectve data
Vision loss
eye pain,
redness of the eye,
nausea
Treatment
Eye drops.
Trabeculoplasty
Iridotomy
Cyclophotocoagulation
trabeculectomy,
pathophysiology
Aqueous humor flows from the ciliary processes into the posterior chamber,
bounded posteriorly by the lens and the zonules of Zinn
anteriorly by the iris.
It then flows through the pupil of the iris into the anterior chamber,
bounded posteriorly by the iris and anteriorly by the cornea
the trabecular meshwork drains aqueous humor via the scleral venous sinus
into scleral plexuses and general blood circulation.
Medication
Latanoprost
Timolol
Brimonidine
Pilocarpine
Dorzolamide
Myopia
Defination
is an eye disorder where light focuses in front of, instead of on, the retina.
causes
a hereditary
long eyeball
curved cornea
Risk factores
Visual stress
diabetes.
reading or using a computer.
a famliy history
Treatment.
eyeglasses,
contact lenses
refractive surgery.
PRK laser eye surgery
LASIK laser eye surgery
pirenzepine gel,
cyclopentolate eye drops
atropine eye drops.
objective data
eye exam c
subjective data
Distant objects appear blurry,
headaches
feel tired
symptoms
Headaches
Squint
Eye strain
Eye fatigue.
trouble reading the blackboard at school.
pathophyology
Axial myopia is attributed to an increase in the eye's axial lengh.
Refractive myopia is attributed to the condition of the refractive elements of the eye. Borish further subclassified refractive myopia:
Curvature myopia is attributed to excessive, or increased, curvature of one or more of the refractive surfaces of the eye, especially the cornea. In those with Cohen syndrome, myopia appears to result from high corneal and lenticular power.
Index myopia is attributed to variation in the index of refraction of one or more of the ocular media.
Cataract
defination
is a clouding of the lens in the eye which leads to a decrease in vision.
Risk factores
Smoking and alcohol[
Inadequate vitamin C
topical, or inhaled corticosteroids
vitrectomy
Family history of cataracts
treatment
lens replacement surgery,
Phacoemulsification
Manual small incision cataract surgery (MSICS)
Extracapsular cataract extraction (ECCE)
Extracapsular cataract extraction (ECCE)
medication
Glutathione
Nepafenac Ophthalmic
objective
A visual acuity test
Ophthalmoscopy
A slit-lamp test
pathophyisiology
The lens is a transparent biconvex object, which causes refraction and focuses light onto the retina.
The human lens is composed of fibers, enclosed by a thin capsule, and is maintained by zonules on both sides. The lens fibers are made from the lens epithelium and migrate from the margin towards the center
Henceforth, the nucleus of the lens is derived from older lens fibers, and newly formed lens fibers are positioned in the outermost layers of the lens, which is known as the cortex
causes
blunt trauma
Genetics
Skin disease
Radiation
Family history of cataract
