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The Molecular Basis of Inheritance (Steps of DNA replication (Step 3:…

- - - - This area will be the template for replication to begin.
      - DNA is directional in both strands, signified by a 5' and 3' end. This notation signifies which side group is attached the DNA backbone.
  - - - In bacteria such as E. coli, polymerase III is the main replication enzyme, while polymerase I, II, IV and V are responsible for error checking and repair.
      - DNA polymerase III binds to the strand at the site of the primer and begins adding new base pairs complementary to the strand during replication.
      - In eukaryotic cells, polymerases alpha, delta, and epsilon are the primary polymerases involved in DNA replication.
  - - - The ends of the linear DNA present a problem as DNA polymerase can only add nucleotides in the 5′ to 3′ direction.
      - The ends of the parent strands consist of repeated DNA sequences called telomeres.
    - - A special type of DNA polymerase enzyme called telomerase catalyzes the synthesis of telomere sequences at the ends of the DNA.
      - Once completed, the parent strand and its complementary DNA strand coils into the familiar double helix shape.
- - - - For example, sickle cell anemia is caused by a substitution in the beta-hemoglobin gene, which alters a single amino acid in the protein produced.
    - - This can have serious effects since the incomplete protein probably won't function.