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social psychology( the study of how a person’s behavior, thoughts, and…

- - - - ▪ Alone in room: considerable variation in estimates
        
        ▪ Range from 1 inch to 8 feet
      - ▪ In room with confederate: less variation
        
        ▪ Participant’s judgements more similar to confederates
      - ▪ Limitation: judgements were inherently ambiguous
    - - Task: determine which comparison line is same length as standard line
      - Results
        
        ▪ Participants went along with confederates on over 1/3 of trials
        
        ▪ 3/4 participants gave incorrect response at least once
      - One naive participant in room with several confederates
      - Conformity decreases when:
        
        ▪ Participants didn’t have to say answer out loud
        
        ▪ One confederate gave correct answer
- - - - Favor severe punishment before → favor even more severe punishment after
      - Favor mild punishment before → favor even milder punishment after
  - - - occurs when people don't work hard when others are also working; easy to hide in the group
        
        ▪ Reduced responsibility
        
        ▪ Cultural factors
    - - group members may feel anonymous and experience less personal responsibility
        
        Groups or crowds can offer a sense of anonymity
      - ▪ Stanford prison study
        
        ▪ Recruited students to participate in study
        
        ▪ All evaluated and deemed psychologically healthy
        
        ▪ Randomly assigned to be either prisoner or guard
        
        ▪ Study had to be ended early due to guards’ cruelty
        
        ▪ Participants played their assigned roles
        
        ▪ Philip Zimbardo (1971)
    - - social facilitation= positive influence of others on performance
        
        Associated with easy tasks
      - social impairment = negative influence
  - - - ▪ Leaders should remain impartial
      - ▪ Group should seek opinions of people outside the group
      - ▪ Vote by secret ballot (rather than show of hands)
    - - invulnerability
        
        members feel they cannot fail
      - rationalization
        
        members explain away warning sings and help each other rationalize their decision.
      - lack of introspection
        
        members don't examine the ethical implications of their decision because they believe they cannot make immoral choices
      - stereotyping
        
        members stereotype their enemies as weak, stupid, or unreasonable.
      - pressure
        
        members pressure each other not to question the prevailing opinion.
      - lack of disagreement
        
        members don't express opinions that differ from the group consensus.
      - self- deception
        
        members share in the illusion that they all agree with decision.
      - insularity
        
        members prevent the group from hearing disruptive but potentially useful information from people who are outside the group.
- - - - ▪ Participants = “teachers”
      - ▪ Confederates = “learners”
    - - ▪ Prediction: no one would administer 450-volt shock
      - ▪ Result: 65% of participants did
- - - - ▪ Conflict between groups increases prejudice and discrimination
    - - ▪ Social identity = the part of self-concept including one’s view of self as a member of a particular social category
      - ▪ Social comparison = the comparison of oneself to others in ways that raise one’s self-esteem
    - - ▪ Views prejudice as an attitude acquired through direct instruction, modeling, and other social influences
- - - - three types
        
        companionate love = intimacy + commitment
        
        fatuous love = commitment + passion
        
        romantic = intimacy + passion
      - 3 components
        
        passion
        
        emotional and sexual arousal
        
        infatuation
        
        commitment
        
        decisions about a relationship
        
        empty love
        
        intimacy
        
        feelings of closeness/emotional ties
        
        liking
- - - - childhood exposure to abuse does not necessarily mean that one will grow up to be an abuser
      - short- term exposure to violent media ( video games, television, movies) has been correlated with increases in both physical and verbal aggression and aggressive thoughts and emotions
      - parially explained by social learning theory - social roles ( expected behavior in particular social situation) determine much of behavior ( like Zimbardio's stanford prision theory)
      - alcohol has impact on aggression
        
        affect brain function, reduces inhibitions
- - - - ▪ Actions
      - ▪ Example: I’m going to adopt a dog as soon as I can
    - - ▪ Thoughts
      - ▪ Example: I think dogs are among the best possible pets
    - - ▪ Feelings
      - ▪ Example: I love dogs and find them adorable
- - - - changing cognition
      - forming new cognition to justify behavior
      - changing behavior