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Miscellaneous eye conditions (Glaucoma (Causes of Glaucoma (It’s the…
Miscellaneous eye conditions
Glaucoma
Causes of Glaucoma
It’s the result of an intrinsic deterioration of the optic nerve, which leads to high fluid pressure on the front part of the eye.
Normally, the fluid, called aqueous humor, flows out of your eye through a mesh-like channel.
If this channel gets blocked, the liquid builds up.
blunt or chemical injury to your eye
severe eye infection
blocked blood vessels inside the eye
It may be inherited, meaning it’s passed from parents to children
inflammatory conditions
Clinical manifestation
difficulty focusing
difficulty adjusting eyes in low lighting
blurred vision or “halos” around lights
loss of peripheral vision
headache
aching or discomfort around the eyes
Pathophysiology
Structural alterations in the aqueous outflow system
That lead to structural alterations and to the third stage.
tissue and cellular changes caused by factors that affect aqueous humor dynamics
Initiating events:
emotional stress
congenital narrow angles
precipitating factors include illness
long-term use of corticosteroids, and mydriatics
Functional alterations:
conditions such as increased impaired blood flow create functional changes that lead to the fourth stage.
Optic nerve damage:
atrophy of the optic nerve is characterized by loss of nerve fibers and blood supply,
this fourth stage inevitably progresses to the fifth stage.
Visual loss:
progressive loss of vision is characterized by visual field defects.
Assessment and Diagnostic Findings
gonioscopy to examine the filtration angle of the anterior chamber
perimetry to assess the visual fields.
ophthalmoscopy to inspect the optic nerve
tonometry to measure the IOP
management
Pharmacological Therapy
lbeta-blockers and adrenergic agonists
microsurgery to lower pressure in the eye
eye drops
conventional surgery, or a combination of any of these.
Surgical treatment
Trabeculoplasty: Opens the drainage area
Iridotomy: Makes a tiny hole in the iris to let fluid flow more freely
Cyclophotocoagulation: Treats areas of the middle layer of your eye to reduce fluid production
Health education
promote good health and nutrition
Ask your ophthalmologist to send a report to your primary care physician after each appointment.
prompt attention on eye infections
Know your intraocular pressure (IOP) measurement and the desired range.
Keep all follow-up appointments.
Glaucoma
is a group of ocular conditions characterized by optic nerve damage.
Cataracts
Medical Management
In the early stages of cataract development, glasses,
Reducing glare with proper light and appropriate lighting can facilitate reading.
No nonsurgical treatment cures cataracts.
beta blockers and adrenergic agonists may be helfull on pain
miotics, guanethidine and carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
contact lenses, strong bifocals
or magnifying lenses may improve vision.
Clinical Manifestations
blurry vision is characteristic of cataracts
sensitivity to glare
Painless
myopic shift
Pathophysiology
The lens is a transparent biconvex object,
which causes refraction and focuses light onto the
retina.
The human lens is composed of fibers,
enclosed by a thin capsule
Causes
Age related and degenerative
Idiopathic
Down's syndrome
Hereditary
Trauma
Surgical management
contact lenses
lens implants
cataract glasses
strong bifocals
Health education
consult docter if experiencing a decrease in vision
floaters
On removal of the eye shield, there may experience blurred vision
flashing lights or increased redness
Where suturing material was used, there may be temporary astigmatism
Cataracts
A cataract is a lens opacity or cloudiness with causing blurry vision
Corneal Dystrophies
causes
infections
inherited
genetic
clinical manifestations
Persistent edema leads to bullous keratopathy
redness, swelling, or pain increase in the eye
blisters that cause pain and discomfort on rupturing
the amount or type of eye drainage changes
Pathophysiology
Decreased vision
is caused by irregular corneal surface
Persistent edema leads to bullous keratopathy
and also corneal deposits
management
antibiotics,
or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are used for 1–4 weeks following a surgery
Topical steroids,
Cataract surgery is specified when the experiences vision is loss
surgically remove the
disabled lens and replace it with an intraocular lens.
health education
Always wash hands before touching or cleaning the postoperative eye
Wear glasses or metal eye shield at all times
Avoid lying on the side of the affected eye the night after surgery
Corneal Dystrophies
are inherited as autosomal dominant traits and manifest when the person is about 20 years of age
Keratoconus
clinical manifestation
it result, on that cornea becomes less round
instead taking on a cone-like shape which deflects light away from the retina
bulging of cornea
creating distorted vision
Pathophysiology
the normally round cornea thins and begins to bulge into a cone- like shape
this cone shape deflects light as it enters the eye
it causing distorted vision
causes
air polution
genetics
expoture on radiatio
hormones
environmental conditions
management
corneal crosslinking
implantable ring segments
normal eyeglasses or soft contact lenses
health education
and also signs and symptoms
inform them that keratoconus is a frustratin disease
teach them about causes
importance of needing high care
Keratoconus
a condition characterized by a conical protuberance of the cornea with progressive thinning on protrusion and irregular astigmatism.