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How dangerous was opposition to religious reform (How effectively did the…
How dangerous was opposition to religious reform
motives
religious motives
Pilgrimage of Grace
rumours of the dissolution of the monasteries
dissolution of smaller monasteries
Imagery: flags of the five wounds
opposition to royal supremacy
More refused to take Oath of succession because he thought that the clergy should be independent
More opposed the divorce
More had resigned after Submission of the Clergy
Elizabeth Barton's vision against Anne Boleyn marriage
Carthusian monks killed because of their religious reputation
Western Rebellion 1549
original list of grievances was mainly economic
clergy led by Robert Welsh hijacked the leadership of the rebellion and made the second articles
list of demands demanded resintatement of certain articles
Prayers for the dead
act of six articles
use of latin communion
mass every Sunday
introduction of prayer book 10 June 1549
nicknamed the Prayer Book rebellion
in Sampford, Devon people were provoked by the priest's use of the new Prayer book
geographically and politically distant from London
more conservative and catholic region
enforcement of religious reform
William Boyd destroyed images and was murdered in 1548
Kett's rebellion
grievances against the clergy
many grievances argued for better clergy
wanted a more involved clergy
Lady Jane Grey and Northumberland
wantedd to continue the protestant church and would not be able to under Mary
Martyrs and Exiles
they were protestants
300 killed during Mary's reign
Cranmer arrested and burnt at the stake at Oxford = martyr
Wyatt's rebellion
didn't want to see a Catholic resotration
not main factor and was overplayed to draw attention away from opposition to marraige
northern rising
mainly catholic earls
MQS (a catholic) arrived in England = could stir up catholics
November: went to Durham castle where they tore down evidence of protestantism and celebrated mass
social/economic grievances
Western Rebellion 1549
Famine and disease
most relied on small profit from tin mining meaning they were very poor
in first demands there were complaints of food prices
by 1547 food prices were 45% higher than in 1540
taxation
previous opposition to taxation in the region
Henry VII's tax request in 1497 lead to rebellion
taxes on sheep and cloth
created rumours of taxes on other animals
enclosures
Gentry enclosing lots of land
meant peasants were not able to grow and rear animals on common land like before
social role of church
destruction of remaining Chantry Church, Glasney College, brought end to education that had helped maintain cornwall's language and cultural identity
Kett's rebellion 1549
Enclosures
enclosure of pastoral areas by gentry and yeoman affected small independent farmers
6-8 July drunken crowds broke down some enclosure fences
Somerset's social policy's that were already against this
Edward released proclamation attacking enclosures meaning ppl thought it was ok to destroy them
Pilgrimage of Grace 1536
food shortages because of poor harvests in 1536 and 1535
in articles there was recurrent opposition to the King's demand for taxes
Wyatt's rebellion
kent had a decline in the cloth industry over a long period and economic hardship makes people less tolerant of change
Rising of northern earls
Feudal rebellion where powers used their tenants to rebel
foreign policy
Wyatt's rebellion
happened after the announcement of spanish marriage in 1554
didn't want mary to marry a foreigner because they thought he would take over they government
English interests would become subservient to that of spain
Evil Advisors
Pilgrimage of Grace
Cromwell
Cromwell seen as evil genius behind the greedy Crown Regime e.g. Royal Supremacy
Western Rebellion
didn't like William Body because of his heavy-handed investigation into church property
Faction
The rising of the Northern Earls
thought having MQS would mean that they would have more power in court
suggested that Mary could marry duke of Norfolk
failed to make this happen = rising
wanted to sort out lack of succession (Elizabeth refused to marry)
October: Elizabeth demanded to know what was happening in the Council of the North
pilgrimage of Grace
could have been used by some unhappy nobles to increase their power and influence in court
Lady Jane Grey and Nortumberland
northumberland wanted to stay in power under a Protestant country
Wyatt's rebellion
recent political shake up in kent meant political instability
younger gentry thought that spanish marriage would adversely affect their career opportunities
How effectively did the government respond to rebellions
Opposition to Royal supremacy
Fisher
executed in 1535 after Pope made him cardinal
Carthusian monks
were imprisoned, some were executed and others just left to die
effective supression
Elizabeth Barton
Only executed in 1534 after plan to publish book of her prophecies was known by cromwell
Had released prophecies against Anne Boleyn and Henry before hand
were not able to immediately act against her
More
eventually executed in 1535
failed attempts
1534: Cromwell accused him of giving advice to Barton
charges were dropped at privy council
was charged with accepting bribes but there was not enough evidence
tried to get him to take oath of succession multiple times but he remained silent = execution was last resort
pilgrimage of Grace
leaders were executed in London
Aske was executed in Yorkshire to show the power of King
government was initially caught of guard so the rebels were able to take hold of most of the north = not very effective
rebels of lincolnshire rising were just sent home
told them that they would pardon and listen to their articles
didn't actually do anything about the articles
Bigod's rebellion in Jan 1537 meant henry had an excuse to execute Aske and other rebels = 178 deaths in total
Western rebellion
Somerset was quite late in reacting to rebellion because of other things going on (France had declared war?)
Peter Carew started a negotiation but only really provoked the rebels
had to escape to london to get help
Rebels were able to siege and enter Exeter = not effective response
Russel eventually gained 8,000 men after Somerset learnt fully of rebellion
defeated rebels at Sampford Courtenay
was originally only given a small force to try and reach a negotiation
Kett's rebellion
21 july: herald offers pardon but does not acknowledge complaints
Kett refused = continuation of rebellion
were able to take Norwich
24 august: Earl of Warwick (dudley?) leads 15,000 to norwich
3,000 killed + 300 executed
Kett hanged at Norwich castle and remains left there to make example of him
eventually dealt with effectively but quite delayed
Lady Jane Grey and Northumberland
Northumberland was executed on Mary's succession in 1553
lady jane grey pleaded with mary and she spared here life = shows leniency
was executed after Wyatt rebellion because of implication of involvement (wasn't actually involved)
Martyrs and exiles
could have created martyrs
but not much reaction outside of london against executions
writer's like Foxe wrote Cranmer etc. like they were martyrs
exiles didn't pose a threat
BUT protestant printing still got into England from abroad = not effective
Wyatt's rebellion
Gardiner got confession out of Edward Courtenay before it even happened
London Militia were on Wyatt's side = not very good for government
Norfolk initially attempts and fails to defeat the rebels
London Bridge was reinforced whilst Wyatt was at cooling castle
lots were executed
elizabeth arrested as a precaution
overall quite well done
Mary Queen of Scots
Put under house arrest
quite a big threat
her arrival lead to the Rising of the Northern Earls
Not really dealt with effectively but her execution would have caused uproar
If Elizabeth had just added her to the succession this could have been avoided = she ends up doing this anyway
Vestments controversy
1566: parker's advertisments laid out traditional vestments to be worn
higher clergy in cahtedrals should wear vestments commensurate with their position
Parke tried to compromise
Elizabeth asked Parker to do something about the reluctance of clergy to wear vestments laid out in the Act of Uniformity
Parker invited 110 clergy to Lambeth Palace to witness parade of suitable vestments
Elizabeth refused to enforce the Advertisements officially
not very well done
Rising of the Northern Earls
sussex originally unable to muster the 1500 forces that he needed because of their loyalty to Norfolk and Westmoreland
as royal army marched north, the rebels fled across the border
there were skirmishes but not a full battle
Elizabeth ordered 700 executions but only 450 were carried out
What were the consequences and significance of the protests?
Rising of Northern Earls
a more drastic protestant religious settlement
propaganda campaign to ensure acceptance of religious settlement
Added Mary's son, to the succession
Pope excommunicated Elizabeth in 1570
Puritans want her to clamp down on Catholics but Elizabeth refuses
Vestment controversy
lead to debate about how vital the bishops were to the Church
puritans and separatists thought they were just a popish creation
Elizabeth saw them as a vital link between the state and the Church
Parker couldn't do much about it because he didn't have backing from Elizabeth
started strange relationship between Elizabeth and bishops were she would force them into confrontations with the clergy but not back them up at key moments
Mary Queen of Scots
opened up catholic opposition to the religious settlement
allowed opposition to Elizabeth's stance over the succesion
Wyatt's rebellion
Demonstrated Mary's legitimacy was well established
meant that she could squash much of the opposition e.g. LJG
Martyr's and exiles
300 executed = called bloody mary
exiles would come back during Elizabeth's reign
acted as a deterrence
was sort of the done thing so no that bad
Lady Jane Grey and Northumberland
rejected completely the idea that there would be a protestant monarch
secured Mary's succession
Her entrance into London meant that she was popular
was accompanied by an entourage including Elizabeth through london
Showed her strength, even as a female queen
Kett's rebellion
last nail in the coffin for somerset's rule
Because Northumberland had used his military strength to squash the rebellion, took Somerset's place
did not achieve is aim of ending enclosure
didn't really affect london much because it was so far away
Western rebellion
showed weakness of Somerset because he was distracted and unable to deal effecftively with the rebellion
could have lead to kett's rebellion later on
military demands of both rebellions meant Somerset had to change his foreign policy
had to scale down garrisoning border with Scotland
France took advantage of this and declared war in Summer
Pilgrimage of Grace
actions in dissolution of monasteries happened after the pilgrimage of grace
gave henry freedom to implement religious change
deterred further rebellions
during rebellion, feared that foreign power would seize opportunity and attack
significant because shows anger in the North
Henry was still worried about Pope's power
Pole's family arrested and executed
Opposition to the succession
meant that there was less opposition because harsh treatment = deterrence
dealing with carthusian monks = allowed dissolution
in some cases stopped some serious threats
Barton was quite popular and Fisher was very powerful
How popular were these protests?
Rising of the northern earls
Rebel forces were paid so not a popular rebellion
more to do with gentry than anything else
when sussex tried to muster forces, they refused because of loyalty to Westmoreland and Norfolk
when Elizabeth ordered 700 execution, only 400 were carried out
Wyatt's rebellion
Devon and Hertfordshire failed to rise
only 140 arose under Duke of Suffolk
Wyatt got about 3,000
Martyrs and exiles
only executed if vehemently stuck by their protestantism = was some leniency
protestant writers wrote about popularity of martyrs but might be bias e.g. Foxe
no evidence of strong reaction to burnings outside of London
Lady Jane Grey and Northumberland
not very popular
Mary was more popular when she successfully overthrew LJG
Kett's rebellion
16,000 rebels in total
Nobles joined the rebellion = joined classes together
12,000 men arrived outside Norwich on 23 August
Government failed to surpress it so the rebellion grew
Western rebellion
able to siege exeter so must have been quite big
Were lead by Humphrey and Arundel = nobility (included different classes)
Pilgrimage of Grace
Lincolnshire rising had 10,000 rebels
Lincoln surrendered to them
Lincolnshire rising combined gentry and commons
Pilgrimage under Robert Aske was 30,000 men
Pilgrims were able to hold sway over virtually the whole of the north = must have been quite popular
Opposition to royal supremacy
carthusian monks were well respected
were put in apalling conditions = sympathy
Elizabeth Barton had a following because of her religious visions
was executed with 5 followers
rocketed to fame after a vision in 1525 whilst suffering a mental illness
under guidance of Dr Edward Bocking
Fisher
respected across Europe
More
they tried to convince him to take oath so must have been quite popular
BUT had retired from public life