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Chapter 51-53 (Concept 52.2: The distribution of terrestrial biomes is…

- - - - climographs are a way to highlight the importance of climate distribution
        
        climographs plot the annual mean temperature of a particular region
- - - - a trigger for that behavior
      - Ex: a red object prompting the aggressive behavior of the stickleback fish
  - - - influenced by periods of daylight and darkness in the environment
      - some courtship rituals may be related to a certain time of day
  - - - display tactile communication by touching the female with its foreleg
      - will then extend and vibrate a wing that produces a song to inform the female they are the same species
  - - - injured catfish will release a substance in the water that induces a fright response in the other fish
- - - - includes activities an animal uses to search for recognize, and capture food items
      - Optimal Foraging Model
        
        natural selection should favor a foraging behavior that minimizes the costs of foraging and maximizes the benefits
  - - - mating can be promiscuous in some species (no strong pairs)
      - monogamous, one male mating with a female
      - polygamous, one sex mating with several of the opposite sex
        
        polygyny: single male and many females
        
        polyandry: single female and multiple males
  - - - high when egg laying and mating occur together
  - - - Ex: Figure 51.16: Face off between stalk-eyed flies competing for female attention
- - - - certain mice are used for cross fostering studies
  - - - sensitive period
        
        Ex: Gulls, sensitive period for a parental bond with their young lasts one to two days
        
        young will imprint on their parent and learn basic behavior
        
        parent will learn to recognize their young
    - - Ex: Whooping crane
    - - spatial learning: establishment of a memory that reflects the environment's spatial structure
        
        Wasps locate their nest by learning its position relative to visible landmarks
      - cognitive map: representation in an animal's nervous system of the spatial relationships between objects in its surroundings
        
        birds can keep track of the halfway point between landmarks to find their food sources
  - - - Chimpanzees learning to crack nuts by observing an experienced elder
- - - - 1) Cool air flows inland from the water moderating temperatures near the shore
      - 2) Air that encounters mountains flows upward, cools at higher altitudes, and releases water as precipitation
      - 3) Less moisture is left in the air reaching the leeward side, which therefore has little precipitation
  - - - casting shade, altering evaporation from the soil, changing wind patterns
      - Forest trees moderating the microclimate below them
- - - - immigration: influx of new individuals from other areas
      - emigration: movement of individuals out of a population
        
        Ex: Emigration of dolphins in New Zealand tends to occur around winter
  - - - most common pattern of dispersion
      - Ex: plants and fungi
      - can also be associated with mating behavior
        
        Ex: sea stars grouping together in tide pools where they can successfully breed
    - - evenly spaced
      - Ex: King Penguins show uniform spacing within the population's geographic range
    - - unpredictable spacing
      - occurs in the absence of strong attractions or repulsions
- - - - the per capita rate at which an exponentially growing population increases in size at each instant in time
    - - Ex: population of elephants at Kruger National Park have been growing for at least 60 years
- - - - Ex: the mortality of dune fescue grass
      - density dependent: death rate that increases with population density or a birth rate that falls with rising density
        
        Figure 53.16
- - - - Figure 53.24 (Age structure pyramids for the human population of three countries)
- - - - if the gene is mutated to an inactive form, males do not court or mate
    - - the comparison between male meadow voles and male prairie voles
    - - critical for the partnering and parental behavior of male voles
    - - a behavior that reduces an animal's individual fitness but increases the fitness of other individuals int the population
        
        Ex: Belding's ground squirrel
        
        when they see a predator approach they give a high pitched alarm call
        
        alerts individuals who are unaware to retreat to safety
      - Reciprocal Altruism
        
        rare in other animals
        
        altruism that occurs between unrelated humans