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Chapter 16-17 (DNA Replication (Replication Fork (Helicases (are enzymes…
Chapter 16-17
DNA Replication
the strands seperate, two new strands are created following the base pairing rule and connect to the parent strand to create two new strands.
Semiconservative Model
replicated double helix consist of one old strang, derived from the oarent molecule, and one newly made strand.
Conservative Model
the two parental strands reassociate after acting as templates for new strands, thus restoring the parental helix
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Replication Fork
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Helicases
are enzymes that untwist the double helix at the replication fork, seperating the two parental strands and making them available as template strands
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Topoisomerase
enzyme that helps relieve this strain by breaking, swiveling, and rejoining DNA strands
the enzymes that synthesis DNA cannot initiate the synthesis of a polynucleotide, they can only add DNA nuleotides to the end of an already exsiting chain
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DNA Polymerases
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dATP
nucleotide that is added to a growing DNA strands that consists of a sugar attatched to a base and three phosphate groups
they can only add nucleotides only to the free 3' end of a primer (growing DNA) never the the 5' end
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Anitparallel Elongation
Leading strand
DNA stand synthesized continously along the template strand toward the replication for in a mandatory 5'--->3'
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Lagging strand
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is synthesized discontinously, as a series of segments
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Structure of DNA
base can be adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine
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polymer if nucleotides, each having three components: a nitrggenous base,a pentose sugar, called deoxyriboes and a phosphate.
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Modifying RNA
RNA Processing
modification of RNA primary transcriots, including splicing out of introns, joining together of exons, and alternation of the 5' and 3' ends
Introns
a noncoding, intervening sequence within primary transcripts that is remoced from the transcript during RNA processing.
Exons
a sequence wihtin a primary transcript that remains in the RNA after RNA processing. also refers to the region of DNA from which this sequence was transcibed
Spliceosomes
a large complex made up of protiens and RNA molecules that splices RNA by interacting with the ends of an RNa introns, releasing the introns adn joining the two adjacent exons
Ribozymes
an RNA molecule that functions as an enzyme, such as an intron that catalyzes its own removal during RNA splicing.
RNA Splicing
after synthing of a eukaryotic primary RNA trancsript, the remocal of portions of the transcit, the remocal of portions of the transcript that will not be included int hr mRNA and the joining together of the remaining portions
Evidence about DNA
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Virus
a little more than DNA enclosed ny a protective coat, which is often simply protien.
T2
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Hershey and Chase conducted an experiment with and used radioactive isotopes of sulfer and phosphorpous
*they seperated samples of nonradiactive E.coli cells are infected with the protien-lable and the DNA lable batches of T2.
tested the two samples shortly after the onset of infection to see which type of molecule-protien or DNA- had entered the bacterial cells.
thye concluded that the DNA injected by the phage must be the molcule carrying the genetic information that makes the cels produce new viral DNA and protien.
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