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Ecology (Chapter 51 Animal behavior (Operant Conditioning (testing until…

- - - - B.F Skinner and his rat contraption
      - may not be the best form of evolution due to the trial & error
  - - - waking up with out an alarm after using one for a long time
      - takes a shorter amount of time and is possibly the best
  - - - Pavlov and Pavlov's dog
      - evolution possible but yet again it will be over a long time
  - - - Ducks will follow the mother until they are older
      - Can evolve due to the ability to mimic
  - - - Monkey see monkey do
      - This mimicking results in fast adaptation due to others learning by example
  - - - A goose who puts eggs in the nest that have fallen out
      - Can evolve but there needs to be sufficient stimuli for change
  - - - "The candle test" sticking a candle to a wall with tacks and a box
      - problematic due to needing to have a more developed brain so evolution kind of caps off
  - - - A human baby's grab reflex
- - - - near equator, dry and hot, tall grass and large grazers and their predators
    - - Mid latitude, dry and wet seasons, shrubs, deer, rabbits and reptiles
    - - Flat grassy areas, rains in season, seasons vary, tall grass, grazers
    - - Extreme hot or cold, not much rain, Cacti, and few animals
    - - Northern US and Siberia, rainy, cold, conifers, moose and bears
    - - Hot, wet, lots of trees and animals near equator
    - - New England, and South Africa, wet, seasonal, Deciduous trees, squirrels
    - - Near poles, rain dependent on location, cold, shrubs and mosses
  - - - Streams form into rivers and most of the time they are cold, and can carry nutrients from forested streams
    - - Transition from Rivers to Sea, salt content varies between high and low tide, and due to high nutrients this is a productive biome
    - - water-saturated soil, can filter dissolved nutrients, and chemical pollutants
    - - Places that are some times under water, Oxygen is replenished with the turn of the tide
    - - Open ocean, with light going farther down than than on the coastline, nutrients varies between location and time of year Oxygen levels are high
    - - Light decreases in depth, and can be Oligotrophic or Eutrophic
    - - Formed by skeletons of Corals, constant tropical temperature, with high oxygen levels and inputs of fresh water, and near islands
    - - Seafloor , no sunlight cold temperatures, and oxygen levels are sufficient to sustain life
  - - - Causes seasons due to the angle of sunlight
      - Causes winds of at different latitudes
    - - Makes objects move the right in the northern hemisphere and left in the southern hemisphere
    - - The effect that makes rich valleys near the coast and deserts on the other side of the mountains
- - - - Density
        
        can be changed by immigration, emigration, births and deaths
      - Dispersion
        
        has patterns of clumped, uniform, and random
  - - - birth rate or death rate that does not
        change with population density
    - - birth rate or death rate that does not change with population density
  - - - Exponential
        
        Grows at a rate and then crashes due to the resources not being able to support the population
      - Logistical
        
        Stays near the resource level to avoid a collapse of the population