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Unit 14: Social Psychology (Group Behavior (Cultural influence…
Unit 14: Social Psychology
Attribution theory
2 types of explaining ppl's bhv
Situational attribution
Dispositional attribution
Fundamental attribution error
Underestimate situation's & overestimate personal disposition.
Varies through cultures
More frequent when the stranger acts badly
Can have important life-effects
ex: explain the cause of poverty?
Attitudes & Actions
Attitudes affect Actions
Peripheral route persuasion
Use incidental cues
Central route persuasion
Use arguments
External pressure can override those
Actions affect Attitudes
Foot-in-the-door Phenomenon
Agree to small requests 1st -> Comply to larger requests later
Role-playing affects attitude
Zimbardo's prison experiment
Cognitive Dissonance theory
If attitudes & actions don't go along -> We change attitudes to fit with actions
Conformity & Obedience
Conformity
Adjust bhv/thinking
Comply w social pressures
Automatic Mimicry
Chameleon effect
Empathy
Mood linkage
Normative Social Influence
Desire to gain approval/avoid disapproval
Informational Social Influence
Willingness to accept other's opinion about reality
Obedience
S. Milgram's electric shock experiment
Reasons
The authority was supported by prestigious
The victim was depersonalized
The person giving the order resembles authority
There were no surrounding defiance
Lessons learned
Ordinary ppl can be the tool for destructive acts
Refuse in the begining!
Group Behavior
Social facilitation
Presence of others
perform better in learned/easy tasks
Because we aroused -> strengthen most likely responses
perform worse in unlearned/difficult tasks
Social loafing
In same-goal group: ppl exert less effort
Because
Less accountability
Contribution is dispensible
Equal benefit
Deindividuation
Grp situations foster
Arousal
Anonymity
Loss of self-
awareness
restraint
Group polarization
Discussion within the grp
Strengthen grp's beliefs & attitudes
Terrorism & Extremism
Internet's role
Groupthink
Desire for harmony in decision
Everyone unanimously support the idea
Individual/Minority power
Hold firmly to your belief
Others will think: why you do so?
Sympathy to minority
Cultural influence
preservation of innoavtion
our capacity for culture
cultural norms (proper bhv)
division of labor
Changes over time
Prejudice
What is
Prejudice?
Unjustifiable & Negative attitude to a grp
Mixture of
emotions
actions
Discriminations
beliefs
Stereotypes
Subtle
Automatic
Unconscious
Including gender prejudice too
Roots
Social Roots
Just-world phenomenon
Ppl tend to believe that men get what they deserve and deserve what they get
Ingroup bias
tendency to favor our own grp
Emotional Roots
Scapegoat theory
Prejudiced grps become targets for anger
Cognitive Roots
Categorize
outgroup homoegeneity
other grps seem to act alike while our grp is diverse
other-race effect
recall faces from my own race is better than from
other races
Availability heuristic
Vivid cases feed prejudice
Believe
that the world is just
Hindsight bias