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(USER (SURGON (CARDIO-THORACIC SURGEON (This deals with illnesses of the…

- - - - This deals with illnesses of the heart, lungs, oesophagus and chest. These include: cardiac surgery (heart and great vessels), thoracic surgery (organs within the thorax, excluding the heart), transplantation and heart failure surgery, oesophageal surgery and congenital surgery in adults and children. Procedures tend to be major and often complex.
        Within cardiac surgery, the most common operations are coronary artery bypass grafting and valve operations. In thoracic surgery, the most common operations are lobectomy or pneumonectomy for carcinoma of the lung.
    - - A large specialty containing many sub-specialties including: breast, colorectal, endocrine, upper and lower gastrointestinal (GI), transplant (of kidney, liver, pancreas) and vascular. Laparoscopic surgery may also be practised as a sub-specialty and is used across all general surgery.
        Most emergency general surgery patients suffer from acute conditions of the abdomen. However, other conditions, including trauma, require a holistic approach and a wide range of skills and experience that may involve working with colleagues from different specialty areas.
    - - Works on the facial bones, face and neck. Procedures range from minor surgery to complex major head and neck surgery. Uniquely, OMFS involves surgery on both hard and soft tissue. Specialist areas include: head and neck oncology, adult facial deformity, orthognathic surgery, cleft surgery and facial trauma management
    - - Includes all aspects of the head and neck region, skull base and facial plastic surgery. Specialist areas include: paediatric ENT, head and neck, voice and complex airway, otology (ear) and rhinology (nose). ENT manages surgical and medical disorders and involves many paediatric cases.
    - - Involves the brain, central nervous system and spinal cord. It covers all aspects of brain surgery, from pre-operative imaging to removal of tumours. You may focus on: paediatric neurosurgery, neuro-oncology (treating cancer of the brain), functional neurosurgery (surgical management of a wide range of neurological problems, including intractable pain, epilepsy and movement disorders), traumatology, neurovascular surgery, skull-base surgery or spinal surgery.
        Spinal surgery is the largest sub-specialty, accounting for more than 50% of the operative workload of some departments. It is possible to practise spinal surgery exclusively. Paediatric neurosurgery accounts for 10–15% of all neurosurgical activity.
    - - The surgical treatment of diseases, trauma and malformations of childhood years which encompasses foetal period to teenage years. Specialist areas include: neonatal surgery, urological surgery, hepatobiliary surgery, GI surgery and oncological surgery. Paediatric surgeons perform 11% of all operations on children. The remaining operations are performed mainly by surgeons from other specialties who have an interest in paediatric conditions.
    - - Involves the restoration of normal form and function; 80% of all plastic surgery is reconstructive. Urgent and emergency work may include: hand trauma, burns and scalds, and soft tissue injuries involving face, trunk or limbs.
        Elective cases may include: reconstructive surgery for congenital and acquired abnormalities, cleft lip and palate and other facial deformities, breast reconstruction, reduction and augmentation, or hand and upper limb surgery.
    - - Works on bones, joints and their associated soft tissues, including ligaments, nerves and muscles. Trauma work involves fractures and other injuries. Specialist areas include: lower limb joint reconstruction, hip or knee, ankle and foot, upper limb, spine, bone tumours, paediatric orthopaedics, rheumatoid surgery, and sports and exercise surgery.
    - - Deals with the urogenital system: kidney, bladder and urinary problems, as well as men’s sexual and reproductive health. This includes diseases of the kidney, urinary tract stones, cancer (prostate, bladder, testicle and kidney), prostate, incontinence, erectile dysfunction, etc.
        Some time is spent managing chronic conditions. Investigating and treating patients with prostate symptoms or bladder cancer takes up a large amount of a urologist’s time. Specialist areas include: complex pelvic surgery, uro-gynaecology, andrology and paediatric urology.
    - - Vascular surgeons deal with the veins and arteries. They are trained in the diagnosis and management of diseases affecting all parts of the vascular system. Common surgical procedures include carotid endarterectomy, angioplasty and lower limb bypass surgery.
        Vascular surgery became a surgical specialty in its own right in 2012, it was previously a subspecialty of general surgery.
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        TANTALIUM
        
        PLATINUM
        
        TITANIUM
        
        PALLADIUM
        
        STAINLESS STEEL
      - PLASTICS