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4.economic change and social inequalities in deindustrialised urban places
4.economic change and social inequalities in deindustrialised urban places
loss of industry
cycle of deprivation
deindustrialisation -> inter urban migration -> wealthy out migration -> environmental issues -> social problems -> lack of local investment -> spiral of decline -> new industries locate ->
a focus on physical infrastructure rather than issues of inequality and employment can continue the cycle.
social exclusion e.g Liverpool
definition: denial of resources, goods, services, inability to participate in normal relationships available to the majority.
Everton
- one of the poorest wards in the UK. Population has decreased by nearly 100,000 in the last 100 years. Predominantly dock workers who imported goods, but experiences serious decline.
Church
the most affluent area of the city. good health, education, low crime
lower pollution levels
London smog 1952
- extra 5000 deaths due to blocking anticyclone over London.
Clean air Act 1956
- reduced domestic and industrial coal burning by 60%
Tall Chimney's Act 1968
- higher the chimney, better dispersal of air pollution
in 2013, fuel burning accounted for 83% of the population.
consequences of loss of secondary industry
unemployment
north/south divide
the south east and London have achieved much higher rates of growth than the north, midlands and wales since the decline of manufacturing.
for every 1 job created in the north since 1911, 2.3 jobs were created in the more prosperous south.
Grimsby, North East England.
faced freestanding deindustrialisation and the collapse of the fishing industry.
The Telegraph ranked the ward it is located in the worst place to live in the UK.
government policies
retraining
: Longbridge
Largest regeneration scheme in the Midlands was the
MG Rover Longbridge Plant, Birmingham
It once employed over 27,000 people and covered 400 acres of Birmingham. Since the SAIC purchased the brand (China's largest retail manufacturer),
6000 people lost their jobs overnight.
government payed for retraining, workforce grew by 25% between 2010 and 2013.
present day:
50 firms employing 400 people in a new technology park, retail space and homes planned.
8 year ongoing project. geotechnically and chemically cleaned to make way for shops and services
stimulating tertiary growth through FDI investment
: Sunderland
(north of england)
Sunderland was the first city to offer universal broadband to all businesses
regions economy is expected to boost by over £1 billion in 2020.
UK is attractive for MNCs because they have many marketing opportunities and
over 40 of the leading manufacturing companies are located here
. Also has the largest financial business in the world.
HS2
environmental policies
Chicago/Leicester
Chicago:
increased green space within the city to promote public transport.
750,000 new trees planted.
Leister City council:
who became Britains firth environmental city in 1990, have strategies including being committed to supply 20% of its own building's energy needs from renewable resources by 2020.
economic policies
government encourages quaternary investment as well as tertiary by offering incentives to knowledge economy businesses; grants and loans to set up.
University College London (UCL)
: state that political parties need to take on board UCL's strategies. These include a low carbon economy.
Greater Birmingham and Solihull local enterprise partnerships:
strengthening businesses and connectivity.
community grants
aiming to mitigate social cohesion
all involve adaptation, risk and mitigation