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James' Foreign Policy (The Road to War (1618- Anti-Protestant…
James' Foreign Policy
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The Road to War
1618- Anti-Protestant Ferdinand elected King of Bohemia - unacceptable to Protestant nobility- representatives at Prague defenestrated
1619- Ferdinand elected Holy Roman Emperor- Bohemium nobility offered crown to Frederick of the Palatinate- would have altered balance of Protestant power in central Europe- didn't seek advice from James
1620- Frederick accepted throne- started European crisis- Evangelical Union rallied to Frederick and Ruler of Spain Phillip III assisted Ferdinand- Spain dispatched great general Spinola to occupy Palatinate
Pressure on James grew to intervene- believed that Frederick ought to be restored as ruler of Palatinate
James preferred diplomatic resolution- didn't have military force to challenge Spain- Anglo dutch volunteer force including English troops raised by James' permission could do little against Spain's tercios
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Parliament summoned 1621- 2 subsidies granted- explains he intends to get Palatinate back but doesn't inform them on how
English and Scots volunteers were allowed to leave for the United Provinces and James opened discussions with envoys from the Dutch to co-ordinate a military campaign when the 12 year truce expired the following year
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James under growing pressure from popular opinion to intervene- mobs of unemployed apprentice in London attacked foreign targets and preachers fulminated against the Catholic threat and the Kings dilatory response to it
contact established with Protestant German Princes- money and men promised if they would take action to restore Frederick to his throne
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Spanish Marriage
After failure of 1621 parliament had to fall back on Spanish marriage to help Frederick get palatinate back
1623- Charles and Buckingham made their way to Spain in disguise to speed up negotiations and secure bride
1621- parliament granted two subsidies and offered their support and assistance and in return James allowed them to discuss foreign policy- James didn't inform parliament why he wanted 1 million- MP's reluctant to give and protested against Spanish marriage negotiations
Spain wouldn't let Charles see infanta- used Charles presence to force James to come to terms- wanted Catholicism in England- James opposed and Spain wouldn't restore Frederick to his territories but would let heir if he converted- James and Frederick refused
Phillip would not allow Charles to leave until marriage treaty was agreed in outline including 2 secret clauses
2 elements to the marriage treaty- open treaty which agreed to the marriage and a secret treaty which said penal laws not to be enforced anymore, no new laws be passed against Catholics, the infanta would not change her religion, and the king would persuade parliament to confirm these terms by an act of parliament
Charles agreed to the Treaty and returned home in 1623 but Charles wanted to start war after being humiliated