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Electricity (electric charge (electrostatic-charge-charge by rubbing…

- - - - proton
      - perspex rub on wool
    - - electron
        
        induced charges
        
        charge that appear on object due to charged object nearby
      - polythene rub on wool
      - closer-more force
  - - - if too sharp release electron as too focused charges
- - - - current * time = charge
      - ampere
        
        connect in series
        
        measured with ammeter
      - direction
        
        conventional current-positive to negative
        
        electron flow-opposite way
    - - potential difference
        
        measure with voltmeter in parallel
        
        sum of p.d across the components equals the amount across batteries
      - amount of energy needed to push electrons out
      - volt=joule/coulomb
      - e.m.f-electromotive force
        
        max p.d, no wastage
    - - V/I=R
      - factors affecting
        
        material
        
        length, longer directly proportional to higher resistance
        
        temperature
        
        metal, increase with temperature, semi metal, other way around
        
        cross section area, larger, less resistance
        
        cross-section area directly proportional, not the diameter
        
        resistance=(resistivity of material)*length/area
      - used in heating effects
      - resistors are in circuits-provide resistance
        
        variable
        
        thermistors
        
        light-dependent
        
        diodes
        
        high resistance in 1 direction, low in the other
  - - - voltages across all components is the voltage of the battery
      - current is the same on all components
      - resistance add together if resistors in series
    - - voltage is same across all component in the parallel circuit
      - currents in main circuit is added from the branches
      - total resistance=resistance multiplied/resistance added