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Theories of Personalities (Psychoanalysis (Superego (Ego ideal: part of…
Theories of Personalities
Personality
Character: value judgments made about a person's moral and ethical behavior
Temperament: the enduring characteristics with which each person is born
The unique and relatively stable ways in which people think,feel, and behave; includes character and temperament
perspectives/ theories
behavioral and social cognitive views:focus on the effect of the environment on behavior; based on theories of learning
humanistic: focuses on conscious life experiences and choices
Psychodynamic: based on freud; primary focus is on the role of unconscious
Trait: focuses on characteristics themselves , not personality
Psychoanalysis
Unconscious mind: level in which thoughts , feelings, memories, and other information that are not easily or voluntarily brought into consciousness are kept ( Most important factor in human behavior and personality)
Personality divided into 3 parts
Each part exists at one or more levels of consciousness
Conscious mind: level aware of immediate surroundings and perceptions
Id: part of the personality present at birth and completely unconscious , pleasure principle: immediate satisfaction of needs without regard for the consequences , Libido: instinctual energy that may into conflict with demands of a society's standards for behavior
Preconscious mind: information is available but not currently conscious
Ego: Mostly conscious, rational , and logical
Reality principle : the satisfaction of the demands of the id only when negative consequences will not result
Proposed that the mind had three parts
Superego
Ego ideal: part of superego that contains the standards for moral behavior
conscience: part of the superego that produces pride or guilt, depending on how well behavior matches or does not match the ego ideal
Part of the personality that acts as a moral center
Psychological defense mechanism: unconscious distortions of a person's perceptions of reality that reduce stress and anxiety
Descriptions of defense mechanisms have more or less held up over time
psychosexual stages: five stages of personality and tied to the sexual development of the child, each stage associated with an erogenous zone
Anal stage
Primary conflict: toilet training
Anal expulsive personality : a person fixated in the anal stage who is messy , destructive,and hostile
Erogenous zone: anus
Anal retentive personality: a person fixated in the anal stage who is neat ,fussy, and stubborn
Ego develops
Phallic stage
Primary conflict: awakening of sexual feelings and sexual curiosity
Erogenous zone: genitals
Superego develops
Oral stage
Primary conflict: weaning
Dominated by the id
Erogenous zone : mouth
Latency stage
Child develops in other ways ( acquiring new skills or knowledge)
Libido is dormant
Fixation: if the person does not fully resolve the conflict in a particular psychosexual stage
Genital stage
Begins with adolescent sexual experimentation
Resolves with monogamous relationship
Sexual feelings reawaken with appropriate targets
Theories personalities (part 2)
Social cognitive view
Bandura and Rotter
Social cognitve view : learning theory that includes cognitive processes such as anticipating, judging, memory, and imitation of models
Social cognitive learning theorists emphasize the influences of other people's behavior and a person's own expectancies on learning
Albert Bandura
Self- efficacy: an individual's perception of how effective a behavior will be any particular circumstances ( not the same as self-esteem
Reciprocal determinism: explanation of how the factors of environment, personal characteristics, and behavior can interact to determine future behavior
Behaviorists defined personality as set of learned responses or habits: Watson and skinner , more modern theorists believe there's more to personality than conditioning
Julian Rotter
Expectancy: a person's subjective feeling that a particular behavior will lead to a reinforcing consequences
Reinforcement value: a person's preference for a reinforcer
Locus of control : internal vs external
Social learning theory based on principle of motivation
Humanistic perpective: focuses on aspects of personality that make people uniquely human, such as subjective feelings and freedom of choice
Self-concept : the image of oneself that develops from interactions with significant people in one's life
Real self : actual characteristics, traits and abilities
Self- actualizing tendency : the striving to fulfill one's innate capacities and capabilities
Ideal self: what one should be or would like to be
Developed as a reaction against the negativity of psychoanalysis and the deterministic nature of behaviorism
Postive regards: warmth , affection, love and respects that comes from significant others in one's life
Rogers and Maslow
Unconditional positive regard: given without conditions or strings attached
Conditional positive regard: given only when a persons doinf what providers regard wish
Fully functioning person : a person who is in touch with and trusting of the deepest, innermost urges and feelings
Trait theories: theories that endeavor to describe the characteristics that make up human personality in an effort to predict future behavior
Raymond cattell : reduced number of traits to 16
Surface traits: aspects of personality that can be easily seen by other people in outward actions
Believed these traits were part of nervous system
Source traits; the more basic traits that underlie the surface traits, forming the core of personality ( added 7 more traits later)
Gordon Allport : first developed a list of about 200 traits
Five-factor model ( Big Five): model of personality traits that describe five basic trait dimensions a.k.a ( O.C.E.A.N: openness ,conscientiousness, extraversion, agreebleness, neuroticism
Trait: a consistent , enduring way of thinking, feeling, or behaving
traits theories attempt to describe personality in terms of a person's traits and are less concerned with explaining development, or attempting to change personality
Personality Assessments
Personality Inventory : paper- and pencil or computerized test that consists of statements that require a specific, standardized response from the person taking test
NEO- PI:based on the five-factor
Interview: personality assesment in which professional asks questions of the client and allows client to answer ( can be unstructured , semistructured , or structured ( people can lie or can be biased)
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator: based on Jung's theory of personality types
Many professionals take electric approach
MMPI-2: designed to detect abnormal behavior or thinking patterns in personality
Projective tests: personality assessments that present ambigious visual stimuli to the client and ask the client to respond with whatever comes to mind
Rorschach inkblot test: projective test that uses ten inkblots as the ambiguous stimuli
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT): projective test that uses twenty pictures of people in ambiguous situations as the visual stimuli