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The Crusader states (Baldwin I 1100 -1118 (Military Skill (good (Castle…

- - - - Conquest
        
        Ports
        
        Arsuf in 1101 Acre in 1104
        
        1104Caeserea massacre meant acre surrendered easily
      - fighting off Muslim attacks
        
        1101 first battle of Ramla
        
        were heavily outnumbered but succeeded because of Baldwin's well timed charge against the Fatimids
        
        5000 fatimids killed compared to 80 franks so Fatimids fled
        
        Baldwin I saw off 3 Fatimid invasions of Palestine
        
        1113 saw of an Abassid invasion of the Kingdom of J
      - Castle building
        
        Krak de Montreal in 1115
        
        Aqaba in 1116
        
        Meant more security from Muslim attack along the border
    - - sometimes failed against Muslims
        
        2nd Battle of Ramla 1102
        
        Outnumbered + rash charge by Baldwin I
        
        4/5 franks killed in Ramla Tower
        
        Then had to sail to Jaffa to prevent its fall
        
        1113 Battle of al-Sannabra
        
        Maudud adn Tughtegin attacked NE Galilee
        
        baldwin I didn't wait for backup and charged + lost 1-2000 troops
        
        Only neutralised by Maudud being assassinated in Damascus
      - Not just Baldwin
        
        Tancred
        
        1105 Battle of Artah
        
        although outnumbered, lured Ridwan of Aleppo's troops onto rocky plain where they could not retreat
        
        able to retake Artah
        
        Raymond took Tripoli in 1109 with Italian sea powers
      - Other Factors
        
        Muslim disunity
        
        when they did unite they defeated crusaders
        
        1113 battle of al-Sannabra
        
        1104 Battle of Harran, Edessa and Antioch vs Mardin and Mosul lost
        
        Help from outsiders
  - - - Ports
        
        good for taxing trade and piligrimage
        
        meant that they could trade with other places as well = good economy
      - Taxing trade
        
        9 ports allowed king and other nobles to tax trade
        
        Acre was richest port and money from this went to the king
      - Taxing Pilgrimage
        
        Krak de Montreal and Aqaba both on route to hajj south of Jerusalem
        
        ports could tax Christian pilgrims at their gates
      - agricultural land
        
        Artah was very good agricultural land
    - - lots of money b/c of Fighting Muslims
        
        constant defence and conquests
        
        this burnt through a lot of money
      - Sea powers
        
        in ports sea powers had helped get they had their own quarter and were exempt from taxes
        
        meant revenue problems for his successors
  - - - Alliances with Muslims
        
        Arsuf 1101
        
        Baldwin granted safe passage to Ascalon
        
        the port was taken when surrendered after 3 days
        
        Acre conquered in 1104 asked for same treatment as Arsuf and were granted it
        
        Tughtegin
        
        Treaty in 1109 agreeing that they would share the profits from Terre de Seuth with Damascus
      - Help from Itialian sea powers
        
        Helped take ports such as in 1104 they helped take Acre port = key for economy
        
        were given trading privileges in exchange for this
      - Help from Latin West
        
        After 2nd battle of Ramla in 1102
        
        Only thanks to third wave of crusaders in 1101 and the pilgrims that there was enough manpower after this battle
        
        Raymond of Toulouse returned east and took Tripoli in 1109 = very important port
        
        with help from Genoese fleets
    - - Not always good relations between crusaders and Muslims
        
        Massacred Caeserea 1101
        
        emir wouldn't surrender because hoping for help from Fatimids
        
        after 15 day resistance crusaders got in and massacred Caeserea
        
        Muslims still attacked the crusader states
        
        second battle of Ramla in 1102 inflicted heavy casualties
      - Diplomacy not the main reason for survival
        
        Muslim disunity
        
        Sunni-Shiah split meant that Outremer acted as a buffer zone between the two empires = both sides liked that
        
        after death of Malik Shah most emirs were usurpers and feared losing cities if they allied with Baghdad
      - Not that much outsider help
        
        Byzantines didn't help after Antioch betrayal
        
        could have helped with manpower problem
  - - - Factionalism
        
        Tancred VS Edessa
        
        Tancred was regent for four years and refused to give it back to Baldwin II when he was freed
        
        Civil war, Baldwin allied with chavli and 2000 dead
        
        1109: Baldwin I says tancred had to give it back in return for Haifa and Tiberius but Tancred too busy in Antioch to claim land
        
        Tripoli
        
        Ray's nephew William VS Ray's son Bertram
        
        When Raymond of Tripoli died there was a rivalry for it
        
        in 1109 general council where Bertram became Baldwin's vassal and got Tripoli = Baldwin overlord
        
        William got Arqa and Tortosa
      - succession crisis
        
        major issue b/c didn't know who was going to be leader
        
        Cousin Baldwin of Bourcq made King of Jerusalem after death
      - overlordship
        
        1100 against Daimbert
        
        got to Jerusalem before Daimbert and then raided surrounding area to show his force
        
        Daimbert left and therefore irrelevant
        
        Galilee
        
        Tancred had Galilee and wasn't one of Baldwin's regents
        
        When Tancred had to go north when Bohemond was captured Baldwin split the principality in two and gave two loyal nobles Haifa and Tiberius = now overlord
    - - Lack of legitimate heirs
        
        still a major problem for a very long time
        
        may have caused rivalry like that over tripoli
      - factionalism sometimes bad
        
        Tancred and Baldwin still caused a civil war and there were deaths
        
        Factionalism meant that they allied with Muslims which were supposed to be the enemy
      - Overlordship often difficult
        
        Antioch not under Baldwin's control
        
        Took a while to get other principalities under his control = disunited force
- - - - Military orders
        
        Templars 1119
        
        elite fighting force that was religious
        
        got funding from West b/c left estates in their wills and gave money in exchange for indulgences
        
        helped with manpower
        
        Hugh of Payns helped in Damascus siege in 1129 along with his templars
      - Alliances with Muslims
        
        1129: offered Damascene assassins sanctuary and allied with them agianst the Burid Regime which allowed them to gain Banyas
        
        1124-5 Allied with Ridwan's son Sultanshah to oust Artuqids from Aleppo + allied with unhappy Shiah Allepans
      - Westerners
        
        Fulk responded to call for help in 1129 and helps at Damascus
        
        still gets like a fleet and stuff
    - - Broken alliances with Muslims
        
        lost alliance with Tughtegin of Damascus in 1119
        
        especially bad because it was the same year as FoB
        
        also Muslims allied with themselves against franks
      - No help from west
        
        despite calling for a crusade in 1120 he only got a fleet
        
        no more waves of crusaders contributed to the lack of manpower
      - Help from venetians
        
        During Baldwin I's reign meant they got trading privileges = bad for Baldwin II's reign
        
        Terms made with Venice during Baldwin II's capture were unprofitable for the king but he had to accept them
  - - - Overlordship
        
        Ruled as autocrat from 1119 to 1126 with everyone recognising him as regent of Antioch
        
        Forced ruler of Tripoli into submission after resistance
        
        No attempt to overthrow him
        
        1123-4 whilst in captivity Eustace of Grenier ruled as regent
      - Establishing Law
        
        Council of Nablus meant social hierarchy
        
        Also released 25 decrees on common legal practices so that there was uniformity within each part of the kingdom
      - Governship of other ethincities
        
        Council of Nablus 1120
        
        forbade fraternisation with Muslims
        
        Organised kingdom with Barons as major leaders
        
        ethnicities have social structure
    - - succession crisis
        
        Jerusalem
        
        only female heirs = seen as weaker
        
        Married Fulk to Melisende = sorted but meant problems in their reign because Fulk was a westerner
        
        Antioch
        
        Roger died in 1119 = no legitimate heir
        
        Alice married bohemond II
        
        when he died Alice came to power and heir daughter Constance was heir
        
        problem with female leaders
      - Bohemond II
        
        1126 came of age and went East
        
        Meant Baldwin was no longer regent of Antioch
      - Military orders were too powerful
        
        1139-45 Gained the right to select their own master so didn't have to answer to the King of Jerusalem
        
        after Baldwin's reign but the start of the porblem
        
        special privileges e.g financed from West
        
        could undermine unity of king's command
      - factionalism
        
        1122 attack on Aleppo had to be abandoned due to quarrels
        
        1126 second attack on Aleppo fell through because of Bohemond II squabbling with Joscelin of Edessa
        
        Conflict because Joscelin took previously Antiochene territories from Il-Bursuqi + Bohemond kept Azaz even though Roger said Joscelin could have it
  - - - seeing off Muslims attacks
        
        Battle of Tell Danith 1119
        
        against Il-Ghazi after the Field of Blood
        
        were able to swiftly regroup
        
        took some castles and towns in Antioch
        
        Battle of Azaz 1125
        
        VS Bursuq
        
        Defeated Bursuq after he took Aleppo
      - Conquest
        
        Conquered Tyre 1124 without the King = military was strong w/o leader
        
        Besieged aleppo 1125 and Damascus 1129
        
        Aleppo came close to victory because only 500 troops in city and were close to starvation but Bursuq came to help = defeat
        
        Damascus = storms meant failure but allied with assassins
        
        showed enthusiasm and good tactics b/c damascus and Aleppo were main threats to Outremer
      - Organising standing army
        
        Council of Nablus 1120
        
        organised basis of standing army based on feudal system
        
        1120: asked Pope for crusade but only got a fleet
        
        got help from Templars at Damascus
    - - defeats
        
        Battle of Field of Blood 1119
        
        Roger of Antioch didn't wait for Baldwin's help
        
        Pursued Il-Ghazi's force and camped at night
        
        Muslims massacred franks at night
        
        3,000 infantry and 400 knights
        
        Antioch leaderless
        
        Baldwin capture by Balak of Aleppo 1123-24
        
        Eustace of Grenier ruled as regent
        
        meant Outremer didn't have a leader (also shows his stability of power because nobody overthrow him at this time)
      - lack of manpower
        
        only had 10-20,000 franks in holy land
        
        there was no third wave or crusade called
        
        couldn't defeat Bursuq in 1125 and maintain siege of Aleppo
      - geographical weakness
        
        Damascus and Aleppo were both within 25 miles of Jerusalem
        
        inevitable that crusader states would collapse
        
        failed in trying to take Aleppo and Damascus
  - - - loss of land after field of Blood
        
        less agricultural land
        
        less income in taxes
      - Trade
        
        Venetian problem again
        
        Privileges
        
        Terms in 1124 during his capture were unprofitable but he had to accept them
      - Ransom
        
        Baldwin captured 1123
        
        had to pay 100,000 bezants for his released (I think they only paid 20,000)
    - - Military orders
        
        were military order funded by the east = didn't use up Baldwin's money
        
        More manpower = more successful conquest
      - tributes and ransoms
        
        1125: Captured Bursuq's treasury
        
        1129: Buri of Damascus paid 20,000 for Baldwin II to lift siege
      - taxes
        
        Increased trade through cutting commerical tax in 1120
        
        Council of Nablus
        
        gained direct control of 5 towns = more tax
- - - - Seeing of Muslim Attacks
        
        No attacks from Fatamids after Battle of Yibneh in 1123
        
        None from Baghdad because of Coups and civil war until 1136
      - Conquests
        
        secured fort of Banyas near Tiberius which secured the Northern Border
      - Castle building
        
        1136 - 1142: Built a ring of castles to defend against attacks from Ascalon
        
        1137: Kerak strengthened southern border and enable taxing of hajj
    - - Defeat
        
        Ascalon united with Hugh of Jaffa against Fulk to defeat him in 1136 at Battle of Rugia
        
        Loss of Edessa in 1144
      - Loss of Land in Antioch
        
        Civil war 1134 VS Hugh of Jaffa
        
        Meant armenians were able to capture Tarsus, Adana and Mamistra in Cicilia
      - Byzantines
        
        No alliance with Byzantines
        
        John Comnenus invaded Antiochene territory in 1137 and 1142
  - - - Taxing trade
        
        Strengthening of Kerak also allowed taxing trade
      - taxing pilgrimage
        
        1137 strengthening of Kerak allowed more taxing of Hajj pilgrimage route
      - not much military stuff
        
        less money spent
    - - Loss of Land in Antioch
        
        Wasn't able to tax it
        
        Meant no agricultural income - bad
        
        Because of Civil war
      - Venetian problem
        
        Had exemption from taxes
        
        Deal made in 1123 during Baldwin's captivity still in effect and was unprofitable for the king
  - - - Alliance with Muslims
        
        Fulk allied with Damascus against Zengi
        
        gained fortress of Banyas
        
        Monthly tribute of 20,000 gold pieces
      - Military orders
        
        Military help = conquest = more money
        
        didn't need financing because of money from the west
    - - Zengi trying to strengthen muslim Unity
        
        Lead to strong force taking Edessa in 1144
        
        First Muslim to present as jihadi leader against franks
        
        1127 Zengi unites Aleppo and Mosul after assasination of Bursuq
      - Byzantines
        
        John Comnenus invaded in 1137 and 1142
        
        No alliance
        
        fulk refused to meet with John
        
        Broke treaty of Devol where overlordship was promised of Antioch by Bohemond I
      - not much help from sea powers during this time
  - - - Sorted out Fulk VS Melisende eventually
        
        Joint rule after civil war = peace
        
        Fulk was repentent and asked Melisende before doing things
      - Jerusalem
        
        Consultation of Government 1136-1142 W
        
        Fulk didn't do anything w/o Melisende's say so
      - Antioch
        
        regent of Antioch marries Constance to Raymond of Poitiers
        
        stopped Alice VS Antioch Nobility
        
        also sorted out the fact that northern nobility rejected Fulk as king because of him brining Western influence
    - - Fulk VS Melisende
        
        Fulk ignored agreement in marriage and appointed Westerners to key positions
        
        Baldwin II ensured that Melisende would jointly rule
        
        Easterners didn't like this
      - Civil war in 1134
        
        Fulk accused Hugh of Jaffa having affair with Melisende
        
        Hugh exiled and attempted murder 1136
        
        he allied with Ascalon against Fulk and defeated him
        
        Fulk then forced to rule jointly with Melisende
      - Lack of legitimate male heirs
        
        Antioch
        
        death of Bohemond II in 1130 meant his wife Alice was in power and Constance was heiress
        
        Antiochene nobility didn't like this and supported the D'hautevilles
        
        Jerusalem
        
        no female heir
- - - - Seeing off Muslim attacks
        
        1153: Ascalon
        
        reduced fleet and denied base to fill up on water
        
        1163 NAD suffers a heavy defeat at al Buqay'a
      - Castle Building
        
        1150 Castle at Gaza isolates Ascalon from Fatimid army
        
        easier to take Ascalon in 1153
        
        Other castles built at eastern and southern borders to defend against NAD attacks
        
        Montreal which also allowed taxation of Hajj
        
        Jacob's ford
        
        battle there later 1179
      - Conquests
        
        1153: Ascalon taking from Fatimids after 8 month siege
        
        could be used to launch attacks on Egypt
        
        Threatened to invade Egypt 1160-1163
        
        got tribute during those years
        
        showed his military strength and fear
    - - defeats
        
        1149 Battle of Inab
        
        Antioch left leaderless
        
        Baldwin had to defend for all of Outremer
        
        Lost Antiochene land
        
        1154: Damascus
        
        Franks tried to attack after NAD took it but were defeated
      - lack of manpower
        
        No crusade despite asking constantly
        
        1154: Pope adrian released papal Bull asking but no one responded (felt betrayed after 2nd crusade?)
        
        1152: Assassins killed Raymond of Tripoli
        
        BIII has to defend all of Outremer
      - Rise of Muslim Unity under Nur al Din
        
        United Aleppo and Damascus in 1154
        
        meant a more united enemy force
        
        Jihadi leader that wouldn't make alliances with Franks
  - - - Italian sea powers
        
        Established own fleet in 1160s so wasn't reliant on Italian sea powers anymore
        
        didn't have to give them privileges
      - Alliance with Manuel
        
        Sold remaining castles in Edessa to Manuel
        
        improved relations between the two
        
        Manuel would provide support
        
        1159 joint forces attack Aleppo
        
        Manuel asserts power over antioch which keeps Reynald in check for baldwin
      - Help from West
        
        Count Thierry of Flanders
        
        brought troops to help at Shaizar in 1154
        
        Military orders
        
        Reynald of Chatillon helped at Ascalon
    - - NO help from west
        
        despite papal bull released by Pope Adrian in 1154
        
        Western franks felt betrayed by Eastern Franks after 2nd crusade
        
        accused of accepting a bribe from Unur of Damascus to move to an indefensible location
        
        Sold remaining Castles to Byzantium
        
        West didn't like this because they didn't like Byzantines
        
        the alliances he did have with west were not effective
        
        Had to neutralise problems between count Thierry and Manuel
      - Lack of Muslim alliances
        
        Increased Unity under NAD
        
        Jihadi leader that refused to ally with Christians
        
        couldn't ally with Muslims anymore (this had been useful in previous times)
      - Reynald of Chatillon
        
        Shaizar 1154
        
        Baldwin wanted to take Shaizar and give it to Thierry to provide source of manpower (was strategically useful as well)
        
        Reynald didn't want ppl muscling in on his territory + said if taken Thierry should pay homage to him
        
        No Antiochene support = siege failed
        
        Attacked Greek Island Cyprus in 1156
        
        Manuel marched over in 1158 to punish Reynald
        
        humiliating apology
        
        Baldwin only saved relations because he had just married Manuel's niece
  - - - Taxing Trade
        
        Building Castle at Montreal meant could tax pilgrimages from Egypt to Mecca
      - Tribute
        
        demanded annual tribute from Fatimids and got it 1160-3
      - Agricultural income
        
        Still shared Terre de Seuthe with Damascus
        
        shared half of Income with Jerusalem
      - selling Edessa's castle to Byzantines = more income
    - - Byzantium
        
        Sold castles to Byzantines was bad in the long term
        
        Lost out on Tax
      - Ask for Help from West
        
        wanted money from West but got troops instead
        
        did not help + had to provide for troops
  - - - Civil war with Melisende
        
        Melisende wanted to keep power when Baldwin came of age in 1152
        
        Meant had to fight civil war
        
        Melisende fortified Nablus against him
        
        couldn't defeat enemy properly without full control of Jerusalem
      - Controlling Reynald of Chatillon
        
        Abandons siege at Aleppo in 1159
        
        Wanted Shaizar instead of Thierry
        
        this fight caused the failure of the siege
        
        attacked Cyprus which worsened relationship with Byzantine Empire
      - Lack of Legitimate heirs
        
        Had NO children
        
        Amalric (Melisende's other son) became king
        
        pretty sure he supported Melisende in fight against Baldwin
    - - Defeating Melisende
        
        Once Melisende fortified Nablus against him he took her constable to castle at Mirabel and made him leave the kingdom
        
        Without support Melisende couldn't continue with civil war and had to concede power
        
        claimed throne in 1152 and she was confined to the city at Nablus
        
        Then used military to establish his power and forced Melisende out of politics
      - Overlordship
        
        Manuel asserted overlordship of Reynald by marrying Reynald's stepdaughter
        
        Meant that reynald was no longer an issue
- - - - Factionalism
        
        solved dispute with Ibelins wanting crown by annulling his marriage with Agnes of Courtenay on grounds of Consanginuity
        
        Declared his son Baldwin the successor = first smooth succession
      - sorted out succession
        
        look at factionalism
      - Council of Nablus 1166
        
        Got noble support for raising 10% tax against movable goods for Egypt campaign
        
        Gained support in raising army against Shirkuh
        
        More consultative king = popular?
    - - Lack of Legitimate heirs
        
        Ibelins created factionalism because they opposed him
        
        had a legitimate claim because of their kinsmen, Agnes Courtenay being his wife
      - Hospitallers too powerful
        
        may have persuaded Amalric to launch premature attack on Egypt for their own financial gain
        
        were desperate for more land to increase their presence in Outremer
  - - - Egypt Campaign
        
        Alexandria 1167
        
        Shirkuh took it an then Amalric besieged it
        
        Truce and Amalric temporarily occupied Alexandria
        
        minor success
        
        five campaigns during his reign
        
        shows military confidence and security
      - Military Orders
        
        1163
        
        defeated NADs at al-Buqaia after he invaded Tripoli to draw Amalric away from Egypt
        
        Templars got 200 knights a year tribute from Henry II
    - - Egypt Campaign
        
        1168: sacking Bilbais alienated ally Shawar who allied with Shirkuh an was assassinated
        
        Shirkuh being leader meant that surrounded in South and East by united Muslims that could cut off supplies from both land an sea
      - Siege of Damietta
        
        failed despite Byzantine help in 1169
        
        forced to withdraw
      - Battle of Harim 1164
        
        NAD attacked
        
        took towns on Antioch Border
        
        Bohemond II and Raymond of Tripoli captured
        
        most of 600 knights killed
  - - - Byzantines
        
        1167: Amalric married Maria, Manuel's niece and finalised agreement for joint attack of Egypt
        
        1169: joint attack on Damietta
        
        Byzantines helping in Military campaigns
      - Italian sea powers
        
        1167: Allied with Pisan fleet to help his campaign against Shirkuh
        
        1174: Allied with Sicilians to launch an attack after NAD's death
      - Truces with NAD
        
        Allied with Shawar, Sultan of Egypt, In Permanent Peace
        
        1167, Made truce with Shirkuh so both would leave egypt
        
        Even though didn't get Egypt, prevented Shaiwar from doing so
    - - No Help from West
        
        1163-5 Wrote to Louis VII to ask for assistance but he refused
        
        Got Pope Alexander to call for crusade
        
        1169 Frederick of Tyre went to Pope to ask + he agreed
        
        1170: reconciled Henry II and Louis VII
        
        almost got crusade but murder of Thomas Becket prevented it
      - Muslims
        
        NAD didn't want to ally with crusader states because of the Jihadi rhetoric
        
        Alliance with Shawar didn't last because Shirkuh became Sultan in 1168
      - Byzantines
        
        1169: Damietta attack failed
        
        Byzantine help wasn't effeftive
        
        1171: Amalric went to constantinople and swore alliegance to Manuel
        
        Manuel now basically the overlord = reduces Amalric's power
  - - - Tribute
        
        Got £2000 a year from Henry II in penance for killing Becket
        
        Got tribute from Assassins who hated NAD + allied w/ Amalric against him
      - Taxes
        
        After Council of Nablus in 1166 got 10% tax on movable goods
        
        Assume they still had castles to tax pilgrimages and trade
    - - Military Orders?
        
        they owned castles so got most of the revenue?
      - failed to take Egypt
        
        good for trade
        
        Nile = good agricultural land
- - - - Castles
        
        1178 Builds Jacobs Ford near Damascus
        
        good way of defendin against Muslims which was more important now that they were a united force
      - Manpower
        
        Marries Sybilla to Guy in 1178 to bring more manpower from the West to the East
        
        Had some help from Byzantine Alliance and West
        
        planned attack in 1177
      - Defending against Saladin
        
        1177 Battle of Montisgard
        
        Baldwin IV defeated Saladin
        
        helped by Reynald
    - - Jacobs Ford 1179
        
        1 year after being built
        
        loss of manpower
      - Rise in Muslim Unity under Saladin
        
        Saladin has Egypt's troops and gold from 1169
        
        1182-3 takes Aleppo
        
        defeats franks a lot but not all the time
      - Missed opportunities
        
        manpower
        
        1180: only had 685 knights in the east who owed direct allegiance to Baldwin
        
        1180: missed opportunity to marry Isabella to a westerner which would have brought manpower
        
        conquests
        
        weak state of Baldwin b/c leper and lack of manpower meant no conquests
        
        also kept on having to defend Outremer from Saladin
  - - - Succession
        
        1183: Nephew Baldwin V crowned co-king
        
        secured succession + meant no vying for power later
      - Neutralising Factionalism
        
        1178 Baldwin marries Sybilla to Guy of Lusignan
        
        neutralises the threat of factionalism by creating a faction other than the Eastern Nobles
        
        Helped Baldwin retain the throne
      - Balancing regency
        
        Raymond of Tripoli 1174-6
        
        1183 Guy
        
        meant that one person didn't get too powerful
    - - Reynald de Chatillon
        
        Couldn't control him
        
        Antioch was reduced to a narrow coastal strip
        
        Reynald trying to gain land
        
        1182 raids red sea and attacks Muslim towns
        
        1183 attacks hajj traffic
        
        Pushes Saladin to attack
      - Had to rely on regents
        
        Raymond and Guy vying over regency
        
        Guy got overpowerful
        
        inexperienced
        
        Baldwin stripped him of regency and crowned nephew co king
        
        Baldwin wanted to anul Guy's marriage to Sybilla to stop his influence but Guy refused
      - Factionalism
        
        Hawks (Guy and Sybilla) and Doves (Raymond of Isabella)
        
        regular regencies create tensions
        
        1178 coup attempted by Doves through marrying Sybilla to Balian of Ibelin to keep her within the control of Eastern Franks
  - - - Military orders
        
        Sold castles to Templars and Hospitallers
        
        By 1187 all major castles in Galilee were run by hospitallers or templar apart from Tiberius
        
        started in 1140s and picked up in the 1160s
        
        possible because donation to military orders was an alternative to crusading
      - taxes
        
        1163: Those who did not help in Egypt had to pay a tax of 10%
        
        still in force
        
        1187: national war tax was raised by 1% from census
      - Revenue from Acre
        
        Increase means he can spend money on Jacobs Ford
        
        Truces with Saladin save money because no need for conquest
    - - Jacobs Ford
        
        Bad investment because lost it in 1179
        
        also lost a lot of men
        
        very expensive to build maintain and man castles
      - expenditure of defence of Outremer
        
        nobles' income was not sufficient to meet the defence expenditure of Outremer
      - Lack of Manpower
        
        no crusades and not enough leaders
        
        means no conquest = less revenue
        
        meant had to buy mercenaries
  - - - Truce with Saladin
        
        1180-1182 truce saves money and power
      - Help From West
        
        1182 got help from Pisan Fleet (for what?)
        
        1177 Philip of Flanders comes + plans attack on Egypt
      - Military orders
        
        sold castles to them b/c they had money because of donation from West
        
        1180: sent Templars to recruit for a crusade
    - - Byzantine Alliance
        
        1177 attack on Egypt doomed because of factionalism
        
        1180 Manuel died and by 1184 there was an anti-latin emperor
      - no help from West
        
        no response from call for help from Templars in 1180
        
        1177: Battle of Montisgard meant that westerners thought Outremer was strong so didn't send help
        
        no crusade until Jerusalem fell
      - Saladin
        
        Reynald de Chatillon broke truce in 1182-3
        
        still attacked and defeated Franks = main threat
- - - - resolution of Kingship of Jerusalem
        
        Guy to be king until he death
        
        meant that he had more power and respect (?)
        
        success at siege of Acre won him support
      - Raymond of Tripoli
        
        1187: Raymond stopped truce with Saladin and swore alleigance to Guy
        
        July 1187: told Guy he should shadow Saladin like in 1183 and he agreed (if Gerard de Ridfort had not change his mind maybe would not have been such a mess)
    - - Factionalism
        
        Conrad
        
        after being released Guy went to Tyre but Conrad refused him entry
        
        whilst guy in captivity Conrad took control of the Kingdom
        
        Raymond
        
        opposed conrad for regency during Baldwin IV
        
        made truce with saladin (allowed to go at Battle of Hattin
      - Weak claim to the throne
        
        Loss of Jerusalem = not very powerful anymore
        
        1191: Richard called a council and Conrad was made king
  - - - Third Crusade
        
        Biggest crusade yet (3 kings)
        
        Helped to consolidate some power in Outremer after the loss of Jerusalem
      - Support from Richard
        
        Supported Guy against Conrad
        
        Wen sorting out kingship, Guy managed to get it until death
    - - Third Crusade
        
        Didn't achieve much because stopped before got to Jerusalem
        
        Last crusade to actually try and help Outremer
      - Byzantium
        
        Isaac tried to stop FB by going on crusade b/c of agreement with Saladin
        
        Not as powerful after Battle of Myriochephalum in 1176 = couldn't provide aid even if they wanted to
      - Saladin
        
        reason why lost Jerusalem b/c Reyald attacked caravans in 1186
  - - - Third Crusade
        
        Managed to defend Tyre = Port
        
        Successfully besieged Acre
      - manpower
        
        Third crusade = more manpower
      - Military success before kingship
        
        Made commander in chief for Baldwin IV
        
        1183: won small scale fight against Saladin
    - - Battle of Hattin 1187
        
        Defeat at Cresson in May = very outnumbered + basically massacred
        
        Were stuck between Horns of Hattin
        
        manslaughter
      - Lost Jerusalem
        
        had all manpower come help at hattin
        
        only a couple of knights at Jerusalem
        
        easily taken
      - Failure of Third Crusade
        
        Didn't manage to take Jerusalem because of factionalism
        
        would have been strategically better to attack Egypt b/c it was the base of Saladins power (Richard tried)
- - - - Defence against Saladin
        
        relief of Jaffa against Saladin's attack 1193?
        
        Had to abandon troops at Caeserea to go to Jaffa but it worked
      - treaty with Saladin
        
        after defense of Jaffa signed treaty to last until 1196
        
        when Saladin died Al-adil tried to take Acre but failed
      - Leo of Armenia
        
        1195 captured Bohemond of Antioch and demanded surrender of Antioch to Armenia
        
        Henry went to negotiate with him and was successful in release of Bohemond
        
        Armenian princess to marry Bohemond's heir
    - - Not comfortable in role of King of Jerusalem
        
        Preferred to be called Count of Champagne
        
        Came into role with little preparation
      - Pisans attacked after Richard left
        
        Henry Blamed Lusignan's plotting against him with Pisans
        
        had Aimery of Lusignan arrested
        
        Aimery was well respected so this angered Henry's vassals and Master of the Knight's Templar
        
        Henry backed down but Aimery left and joined Guy in Cyprus
        
        later reconciled in Cyprus when Aimery was king of Cyprus and arranged marriage of Aimery's sons to Henry's daughters
  - - - unopposed really
        
        Patriarch withdrew his opposition and crowned him
        
        as a widower he could marry Isabella
      - Peace with Muslims
        
        1198: Truce with Al-adil
        
        secured the coast up to Antioch for the Franks for five years
      - success against Al-Adil
        
        after truce broken new one made
        
        Al-Adil ceded Jaffa and Ramla to Jerusalem
    - - Few days after Henry's death Al-adil occupied Jaffa
      - Alexios
        
        Wanted to crusade against Aimery + asked for Papal support
      - Broke truce with Al adil
        
        Egyptian emir seized fortress at Sidon and started plundering
        
        Amalric broke into Egypt's realm
      - succession
        
        died
        
        Infant son was king of Jerusalem