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Reaction Rates and Halogen Reactivity (Effect on iron wool when reacting…
Reaction Rates and Halogen Reactivity
Effect on iron wool when reacting with halogens
Fluorine - Bursts into flames
Chlorine - Glows brightly
Bromine - Glows dull red
Iodine - Changes colour
Displacement Reactions
Halogens become less reactive as you go down the group
Chlorine can DISPLACE Bromine in a reaction
Iodine cannot DISPLACE fluorine in a reaction
chlorine + sodium bromide --> sodium chloride + bromine
astatine + magnesium iodide --> magnesium iodide + astatine
bromine + sodium chloride --> sodium fluoride + chlorine
fluorine + potassium iodide --> potassium fluoride + iodine
iodine + sodium fluoride + sodium fluoride + iodine
Redox (reduction and oxidation)
OXIDATION = Loss of electrons
REDUCTION = Gain of electrons
Reaction Rates
Measuring the rate of reaction
Rate of reaction = amount of reactant used or product formed/time
Factors affecting the rate of reaction
Temperature
When you increase the temperature, the rate of reaction increases. This is because the particles have more energy, so they can move around quicker resulting in more collisions.
The faster the particles move, the more successful collisions
Low amounts of kinetic energy - low temp.
enough energy (activation energy)
Concentration
When you increase the concentration, the rate of reaction increases. This is because the more concentrated a solution is, there are more particles of reactant in the same volume.
This makes collisions more likely and therefore the rate of reaction increases.
Concentration refers to the number of particles in a given space.
the more particles in the same space = more collisions
Pressure
When you increase the pressure, the rate of reaction increases. This is because increasing the pressure makes the particles become more crowded so the frequency of collisions increases.
If there are no gases reacting, pressure has no impact on rate.
Surface Area
When you increase the surface area, the rate of reaction increases. This is because if a reactant is a solid, breaking it into smaller pieces will increase the surface area to volume ratio (more of the solid is exposed).
Larger surface area = faster rate of reaction
the smaller the particle, the faster the rate of reaction
the larger the surface area = faster rate of reaction
particles must collide to react with one another for the reaction to occur
Collision Theory
they need enough energy to be in the reaction (activation energy)
Orientation
- if particles aren't in the correct angle, the reaction won't happen
Sufficient energy
frequency of collisions is increased
only those particles with enough energy will collide
more collisions will be successful if more particles have the activation energy required