Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Botany, Development & Morphogenesis (Environmental Complexity (Water #…

- - - - gene B=partially overlaps the other two
        
        petals develop with A & B genes #
      - gene C=controls uppermost, central region #
        
        center of flower=primordial develop as carpels
        
        stamens produced with B & C
      - gene A=affects the outermost, lowest regions of flower shoot apical meristem
        
        primordial develop into whorl of sepals
      - postulates that genes A, B, and C control basic aspects of flower organization
    - - three carpels
      - three stamens
      - three petals
      - three sepals
    - - five carpels
      - five stamens
      - five petals
      - five sepals
    - - centermost=carpels
      - stamens
      - petals
      - outermost=sepals
  - - - peas & corn initiate flowers after a particular number of leaves have been produced
- - - - creates a bend towards the light by growing faster on one side
        #
- - - - Salicylic acid=involved in resistance to pathogens (viruses)
      - Jasmonic acid=defense against animals & fungi #
      - Brassinosteroids=leaf morphogenesis, root & stem growth & vascular differentiation
    - - moves rapidly through tissues by diffusion
      - stimulates certain fruits to undergo developmental changes
      - the only gaseous hormone
    - - inhibitor
      - stimulus for ABA production is soil dryness
      - involved in many types of stress resistance
      - discovered in sycamores-abscission of fruits, leaves, and flowers
      - ABA=abscisic acid
    - - all have gibberellane ring system
      - are numbered, not named-GA1, GA2..
      - at least 125 are known
    - - cytokinins are purines
      - two natural ones=zeatin & isopentenyl adenine
      - artificial one=kinetin
    - - small amounts stimulate growth but large amounts inhibit growth
      - only carry information that the shoot apex is healthy & active
      - polar transport=from apex to the base of the plant
      - conjugated form of IAA is safe from destruction
      - involved in positive phototropism in oat seedlings (1926)
      - indoleacetic acid=IAA
      - first plant hormone discovered in 1926
- - - - where sugar is loaded into or out of phloem
      - where nutrients are passed to embryos
      - where rapid short-distance transport is expected to occur
- - - - stops photosynthesis
      - often occurs in the early afternoon on a warm, dry day
  - - - apoplastic space of spongy mesophyll & palisade parenchyma is filled with moisture-saturated air, so water molcules have strong tendency to diffuse from intercellular spaces to the atmosphere
  - - - makes attached water molecules less free to move around than other molecules
      - adhesive=firmly attached to a water molecule
    - - liquid water is cohesive=any force acting on one molecule acts on all neighboring ones as well
- - - - true for roots, wood, and bark too
  - - - pieces of DNA that readily change their positions from one chromosome to another
        
        if it inserts into a gene it totally disrupts either the promoter or the structural region
        
        if element inserts into spacer DNA, the effect is not very important
        
        insertion sequences=contain genes that code for the enzymes actually involved in cutting the piece out & splicing it into DNA somewhere else
        
        transposon=much longer than an insertion and carries genes that code for proteins not associated with transportation #
- - - - natural selection #
        
        there is no planning, intention, purpose, or voluntary decision
        
        two conditions must occur for it to happen
        
        progeny must differ from each other in their types of alleles
        
        offspring must keep being produced
      - artificial selection #
        
        breeding domestic animals
        
        breeding crop plants
        
        process where humans change the allele frequency of a gene pool
      - Accidents :fire: #
        
        affects the well-adapted and not well-adapted
        
        fires/volcanic eruption
        
        hailstorms
        
        floods
        
        droughts
        
        organisms cannot adapt to them
      - mutation
        
        new alleles increase in frequency
        
        existing alleles decrease in frequency
- - - - establishment growth ceases at some point
      - establishment growth=form of primary growth=increase in width and addition of adventitious roots
      - each vascular bundle is enclosed in a sheath of strong, heavy fibers
      - a vascular cambium never develops
      - palm trunk is all primary tissue consisting of vascular bundles throughout ground tissue
    - - some parenchyma cells differentiate into secondary vascular bundles
      - conducting cells are completely absent
      - cambium produces only parenchyma
- - - - when carrot is peeled it removes a thin bark and all secondary phloem
- - - - must have high proportion of wide vessels and/or wide tracheids
  - - - radial system=derived from the ray initials
        
        ray parenchyma cells store carbs during dormant periods and conduct material over short distances radially within wood
        
        upright cells=its sugars are first to be digested in spring
        
        procumbent cells=their starch is not digested until later is routed through upright cells
      - ray tracheids=horizontal, rectangular cells that have circular bordered pits and protoplasts that degenerate quickly after secondary wall is complete
      - softwoods=have few or no fibers
      - hardwoods=lots of fibers for toughness
      - axial system=derived from fusiform initials
        
        axial xylem parenchyma is a temporary reservoir of water
        
        carry out longitudinal conduction of water through wood
        
        contains tracheary elements
      - wood may contain tracheids, vessel elements, fibers, sclereids, and parenchyma
- - - - irregularly without any horizontal pattern=nonstoried cambium
      - may occur in regular horizontal rows=storied cambium
        
        redbud & persimmon
    - - many cells wide=multiseriate
      - two cells wide=biseriate
      - grouped together in short vertical rows only one cell wide (uniseriate)
  - - - develop the radial system
      - produce short cells for storage
      - undergo periclinal divisions
      - short and kind of cuboidal shaped
    - - create the axial system
      - produce phloem
        
        sieve cells, sieve tube members, companion cells, & fibers
      - produce the elongate cells of wood
        
        tracheids, vessel elements, & fibers
      - anticlinal walls=divide longitudinally=increases number of cambial cells
      - periclinal wall divisions
      - long, tapered cells
- - - - must be consumed but not damaged # #
  - - - false fruit
- - - - ensures cross-pollination
  - - - has about same result as asexual reproduction #
    - - new combinations of genes
- - - - eating it when eating wheat, corn, rice, or oats #
  - - - two, four, then eight haploid nuclei in a cell
    - - pollen grain into pollen tube
      - consists of vegetative cell & two sperm cells
  - - - carpels=stigma, style, ovary, nucellus
      - stamens=filament & stalk=produce pollen
      - petals=make up corolla=attract pollinators
      - sepals=modified leaves=protection=together are a calyx #
  - - - undergo mitosis= gametophyte
- - - - hyphae invades cell but do not break plasma membrane
        
        hyphae branch repeatedly, forming an arbuscule
- - - - root hairs are smaller than roots so they reach hard to get water & minerals
    - - the root apical meristem is protected by the root cap=thick layer of cells
        
        mucigel from dictyosomes causes soil to release its nutrient ions and permits a rapid diffusion of those ions
        
        dictyosomes of root cap cells secrete mucigel=lubricates passage of root through soil
        
        root cap must be renewed by cell multiplication
      - shoot apical meristem is protected by bud scales or leaves
      - localized growth at meristematic regions
- - - - tethys sea formed=btween N & S continents
      - new plant growth
      - =triassic period
    - - Gondwanaland ran into Laurasia=Alps=Pangea
      - Laurasia=N America collides with Eurasia=Appalachian Mtns
    - - Gondwanaland=South America, Africa, India, Australia, and Antarctica
      - all life was aquatic
  - - - Florida Keys
- - - - vegetation can grow tall
      - termites can be very previlent
      - lower rainfall
    - - high diversity of plants
      - nearly all angiosperms
      - relative humidity=near 100%
      - rain occur nearly every day
      - close to equator
  - - - large mammals
      - not much disturbance
      - b.c.f=taiga
      - across Alaska and Canada, and northern Eurasia, Scandinavia,and Russia
    - - <20 cm tall pants
      - <3months growing season
      - permanent frost in top soil=permafrost
  - - - dwarf plants grow
      - cold much of year=short growing season
      - located above the highest point that trees grow
    - - patchy ecosystems
      - soil is rocky and thin
      - Mohave
      - Sonoran
      - Chihuahuan
      - driest regions of temperate areas
    - - shrublands=shrubs instead of trees
      - savanna=grass growing between trees
      - woodland=trees spaced out
    - - Indians helped with soil quality
      - rich soil #
      - low, flat, rolling hills
      - central north america
  - - - most are fire-adapted
      - definite dry asect
      - northern portions of Gulf States
    - - rich diversity
      - oak & maples are frequent
      - cold winters & only warm summers
    - - rockies most massive mountain range
      - montane forests=occur at bases of these mtns
      - cascade mtns & sierra nevadas & rocky mtns a little
    - - fog
      - long-lived conifers #
      - northwest coast U.S