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Online News and Citizen Journalism (Information democratization (the…
Online News and Citizen Journalism
Inverted Pyramid
traditional model of delivering news
who, when, where, why and how
Key Quotes supporting evidence
supporting facts and explanatins
Supporting quotes and explanations
least important points
traditional news - gatekeeping
filtering function (fit for print or not)
characteristics of the potential news items
commercial nature of the news
perceptions about the audience
personal values and professional norms
media convergence
erosion line between different forms of media
facilitated distribution of content
time and cost savings
platform agnostic= indifference which technology or platform used
shifting audiences
replace old media or side-by-side
newspaper / broadcast media struggle
decline advertising revenue
decline in content quality
Citizen journalism
no professional journalists create & publish news content
implicitly and explicitly challenge the authority of the major news media
Wall (2015) professional journalism to CJ
source material for journalists
criticized for being subjective / emotional / having low technical quality
acknowledged as raw content for professional reporting (+ in some cases, tiered collaborations)
Social media platforms
particularly facilitated a form of individualized citizen journalism
alternative platforms to traditional media outlets
Social movements and collective action taking advantage of online platforms to share news
Citizen journalists may break stories that the professionals then follow up on
Information democratization
the increasing involvement of private citizens in the creation, distribution, exhibition, and curation of civically relevant information.
creation = signifies the production of the news content
involvement = writing stories, reposting links, archiving articles etc.
distribution = the process of getting the information from source to receiver
exhibition = posting a link, comment, reference, summary etc.
curation = preservation of messages
illustrates the possibility of a powerful role of citizens in society
it has created a significant space for direct channels of citizen influence on information exposure.
digital technologies
self-reporting from an event
verifying information
sharing throug links
increasing engagement in news stories
Fake News
standards professional J: objective / accurate --> verified news
news vulnerable to journalists own preferences and external forces (government, audiences and advertisers) or subjective judgment (frame)
verification news necessary, but not everyone likely to engage in it
look and feel of real news
The socialness of social media adds a layer to the construction of fake news, in that the power of fake news lies on how well it can penetrate social spheres.
Audience Fragmentation
expansion in media channels and platforms
Reaching masses becomes more difficult
narrowcasting, niche marketing or targeting make it possible to get more value from small, homogenous groups --> long tail
news outlets and sites have the ability and often the incentive to focus their content on a defined set of topics
– if people sample widely from a broad array of news topics and stories, they are likely to receive a shared diet of information
– if people focus on specific sites and topics, it is far less likely that they will be exposed to a common set of information about public affairs
Polarization --> Individual interests
Big Data / Algorithms
selective exposure
individual's tendency
reinforces their pre-existing views
avoiding contradictory information