Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Theories of Personality (Theories of personality (Personality (Includes…

- - - - Conscious mind
        
        level aware of immediate surroundings and perceptions
      - Unconscious mind
        
        level in which thoughts, feelings, memories, and other information that are not easily or voluntarily brought into consciousness are kept
        
        Most important factor in human behavior and personality
      - Preconscious mind
        
        information is available but not currently conscious
    - - Each part exists at one or more levels of consciousness
      - Freud based his theory on how these parts develop and interact with each other
    - - part of personality present at birth and completely unconscious
      - Pleasure principle
        
        immediate satisfaction of needs without regard for the consequences
        
        Principle by which the id functions
      - Libido
        
        instinctual energy that may come into conflict with demands of a society’s standards for behavior
    - - part of the personality that acts as a moral center
      - Conscience: part of superego that produces pride or guilt, depending on how well behavior matches or does not match the ego ideal
      - Ego ideal: part of superego that contains the standards for moral behavior
        
        Develops out of a need to deal with reality
    - - Mostly conscious, rational, and logical
      - Reality principle= the satisfaction of the demands of the id only when negative consequences will not result
      - Principle by which the ego functions
    - - Anyone who has ever watched cartoons while growing up has probably seen these three parts of the personality shown in animated form—the id is usually a little devil, the superego an angel, and the ego is the person or animal caught in the middle, trying to theories of personality decide what action to take.
      - Psychological defense mechanisms
        
        unconscious distortions of a person’s perception of reality that reduce stress and anxiety
        
        Mainly studied by Anna Freud (Freud’s daughter)
- - - - Child aware of sex differences - Castration anxiety in boys - Penis envy in girls
      - Primary conflict: awakening of sexual feelings and sexual curiosity
        
        Oedipus complex: situation occurring in phallic stage in which a boy develops a sexual attraction to his mother and jealousy of his father
        
        Electra complex: a similar process for girls
        
        Conflict resolves by identification with same-sex parent
      - Erogenous zone: genitals - Child discovers sexual feelings
      - Superego develops
    - - Libido is dormant
        
        Libido: instinctual energy that may come into conflict with demands of a society’s standards for behavior
        
        Sexual feelings are repressed, sometimes sublimated
      - Child develops in other ways
        
        Acquiring new skills or knowledge
    - - Primary conflict: toilet training
        
        Anal expulsive personality: a person fixated in the anal stage who is messy, destructive, and hostile
        
        Anal retentive personality: a person fixated in the anal stage who is neat, fussy, stingy, and stubborn
      - Ego develops
      - Erogenous zone: anus
    - - Begins with adolescent sexual experimentation
      - Resolves with monogamous relationship
        
        PIV sex believed to be proper outlet for sexual instinct
      - Sexual feelings reawaken with appropriate targets
    - - Primary conflict: weaning
      - Dominated by the id
      - Erogenous zone: mouth
- - - - Julian Rotter
        
        Social Learning Theory based on principle of motivation
        
        Locus of control = internal vs. external
        
        Expectancy and reinforcement value influence decision to act
        
        Expectancy= a person’s subjective feeling that a particular behavior will lead to a reinforcing consequence
        
        Reinforcement value = a person’s preference for a reinforcer
      - Albert Bandura
        
        Reciprocal determinism: explanation of how the factors of environment, personal characteristics, and behavior can interact to determine future behavior
        
        Self-efficacy: an individual’s perception of how effective a behavior will be in any particular circumstance
        
        Not the same as self-esteem
- - - - Abraham Maslow
        
        Hierarchy of needs and self actualization
      - Carl Rogers
        
        Positive regard = warmth, affection, love and respect that come from significant others in one’s life
        
        Fully functioning person = a person who is in touch with and trusting of the deepest, innermost urges and feelings
        
        Components of self-concept
        
        Real self: actual characteristics, traits, and abilities
        
        Ideal self: what one should be or would like to be