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RADICALISM (Social Identity Theory (Hogg & Adelman, 2013; Aghabi et al…
RADICALISM
Social Identity Theory (Hogg & Adelman, 2013; Aghabi et al. 2017)
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Threat
Certainty (Hogg & Adelman, 2013)
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Contextual Factors
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Cultural (Costanza, 2015)
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Motivational Factors
Precht (2007)
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Background Factors
personal struggles with religious identity, experiences with discrimination, and lack of social integration
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Iner (2019)
Ideological Drives
Islamic State's Ideology (Hertog, 2019)
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PROCESSES
Mechanism (McCauley & Moskalenko, 2008)
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Matrix (Doosje & de Wolf, 2010 in Young, Rooze, & Holsappel, 2015)
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Staircase to Terrorism (Moghaddam, 2005)
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Four-Stage Model of Terrorist Mindset (Borum, 2003)
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DEFINITION
Change in beliefs, feelings, and behaviors in directions that increasingly justify intergroup violence and demand sacrifice in defense of the ingroup (McCauley & Moskalenko, 2008)
An individual or collective (group) process whereby, usually in a situation of political polarization, normal practices of dialogue, compromise and tolerance between political actors and groups with diverging interests are abandoned by one or both sides in a conflict dyad in favor of a growing commitment to engage in confrontational tactics of conflict waging (Schmid, 2013, p. 18).
personal and political transformation (Christmann, 2012)
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Personality Traits (Gambetta & Hertog, 2016)
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Need for Closure (med on Extremism, Webber et al., 2018)
Shame/Humiliation (Webber et al., 2018)
Personal
Violent Extremism (Borum, 2011)
Agression (McGregor et al., 1998)
Terrorism
most people who hold radical ideas do not engage in terrorism (Borum, 2011, p. 8)
LEVEL (Iner, 2019)
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Mass (McCauley & Moskalenko, 2008)
Positioning Theory (Harre & Langenhove, 1999; Costanza, 2015)
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Significance Quest Theory (Jasko, LaFree, & Kruglanski, 2016)
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System Rejection Model (Bal & van den Bos, 2017)
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SOURCES
Extremist content (Holt et al., 2015)
websites, posts, blogs, videos, music, games, tutorials, email drops
Society
Islamophobia (Iner, 2019)
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Mixed
Individual
Factors
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IDEOLOGY
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Cognition
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Selective Exposure (43,44)
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(60)
ego-involvement, self-interest, personal significance, dan "vested interests"
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Societal
Factors
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(60)
social validation, peer pressure
(88)
(1) societal background factors (greater population size and more favorable historical–cultural-environmental interface);
(2) aspects of basic societal structure (more permissive political control, greater modernization, more developed organizational field, and greater ethno-religious heterogeneity); and
(3) societal mobilization factors (aggregate resource mobilization for associations and aggregate social cohesion).
VIOLENT
INSURGENCY
Individual
Factors
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Social Identity Theory
(Hogg & Adelman, 2013; Aghabi et al. 2017)
Reciprocal: Group Identification (13, 31)
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Threat
Certainty (Hogg & Adelman, 2013)
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Contextual Factors
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Cultural (Costanza, 2015)
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-
-
-
-
-
-
Motivational Factors
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Precht (2007)
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Background Factors
personal struggles with religious identity, experiences with discrimination, and lack of social integration
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-
-
-
Iner (2019)
Ideological Drives
Islamic State's Ideology (Hertog, 2019)
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Intergroup Threat Theory
Perceived Threat (26)
Bridging:
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normative support (Terry, Hogg, & McKimmie, 2000)
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moral disengagement, delegitimization, justification of harm (Bar-Tal & Hammack; Opotow)
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Significance Quest Theory (Jasko, LaFree, & Kruglanski, 2016)
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Positioning Theory (Harre & Langenhove, 1999; Costanza, 2015)
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Personality Traits (Gambetta & Hertog, 2016)
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Need for Closure (med on Extremism, Webber et al., 2018)
Shame/Humiliation (Webber et al., 2018)
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