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personality (personality definition : the unique and relatively stable…

- - - - extraverts are outgoing and sociable
      - introverts are more solitary and dislike being the center of attention
- - - - Libido = instinctual energy that may come into conflict with demands of a society’s standards for behavior
      - Pleasure principle = immediate satisfaction of needs without regard for the consequences
        
        Principle by which the id functions
    - - Reality principle = the satisfaction of the demands of the id only when negative consequences will not result
        
        Principle by which the ego functions
    - - Ego ideal = part of superego that contains the standards for moral behavior
        
        Develops out of a need to deal with reality
      - Conscience = part of superego that produces pride or guilt, depending on how well behavior matches or does not match the ego ideal
    - - Mainly studied by Anna Freud (Freud’s daughter)
      - Descriptions of defense mechanisms have more or less held up over time
        
        But the psychoanalytic explanation of them hasn’t
        
        Psychoanalytic explanation is all about conflict between id, ego, and superego
        
        Defense mechanisms are how the ego manages that conflict
        
        defense mechanism and definition
        
        Reaction formation: forming an emotional reaction or attitude that is the opposite of one's threatening or unacceptable actual thoughts.
        
        Displacement: expressing feelings that would be threatening if directed at the real target onto a less threatening substitute target.
        
        Projection: placing one's own unacceptable thoughts onto others, as if the thoughts belonged to them and not to oneself
        
        Sublimation: turning socially unacceptable urges into socially acceptable behavior
        
        Repression: "pushing" threatening or conflicting events or situations out of conscious memory.
- - - - Child aware of sex differences
      - Primary conflict: awakening of sexual feelings and sexual curiosity
        
        Oedipus complex = situation occurring in phallic stage in which a boy develops a sexual attraction to his mother and jealousy of his father
        
        Electra complex = a similar process for girls
        
        Conflict resolves by identification with same-sex parent
      - Erogenous zone: genitals
    - - Libido is dormant
        
        Libido = instinctual energy that may come into conflict with demands of a society’s standards for behavior
        
        Sexual feelings are repressed, sometimes sublimated
      - Child develops in other ways
        
        Acquiring new skills or knowledge
    - - Erogenous zone: anus
      - Primary conflict: toilet training
        
        Anal expulsive personality = a person fixated in the anal stage who is messy, destructive, and hostile
        
        Anal retentive personality = a person fixated in the anal stage who is neat, fussy, stingy, and stubborn
        
        Ego develops
    - - Sexual feelings reawaken with appropriate targets
      - Begins with adolescent sexual experimentation
      - Resolves with monogamous relationship
        
        PIV sex believed to be proper outlet for sexual instinct
    - - Dominated by the id
      - Primary conflict: weaning
      - Erogenous zone: mouth
- - - - conscious
        
        level aware of immediate surroundings and perceptions
      - unconscious
        
        level in which thoughts, feelings, memories, and other information that are not easily or voluntarily brought into consciousness are kept
        
        Most important factor in human behavior and personality
      - preconscious
        
        memories, information and events that can easily remembered or awared or information is available but not currently conscious
- - - - Reciprocal determinism = explanation of how the factors of environment, personal characteristics, and behavior can interact to determine future behavior
      - Self-efficacy = an individual’s perception of how effective a behavior will be in any particular circumstance
        
        Not the same as self-esteem
  - - - People want to seek reinforcement and avoid punishment
    - - Expectancy = a person’s subjective feeling that a particular behavior will lead to a reinforcing consequence
      - Reinforcement value = a person’s preference for a reinforcer
- - - - Components of self-concept
        
        Real self: actual characteristics, traits, and abilities
        
        Ideal self: what one should be or would like to be
      - Positive regard = warmth, affection, love and respect that come from significant others in one’s life
        
        Unconditional positive regard: given without conditions or strings attached
        
        Conditional positive regard: given only when person doing what providers of positive regard wish
      - Fully functioning person = a person who is in touch with and trusting of the deepest, innermost urges and feelings