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Chapter 22: Seed Plants 1: Seed Plants Without Flowers (Division…
Chapter 22: Seed Plants 1: Seed Plants Without Flowers
Division Progymnospermophyta: Progymnosperms
progymnosperms
now extinct
evolve from trimerophytes
megaphyllous leaves
aneurophytales
little webbing between branches
more relictual progymnosperms
vascular cambium
secondary growth
Concepts
spermatophytes = seed plants
wood
manoxylic
spongy
parenchymatous
soft
pycnoxylic
hard
strong
little parenchyma
lingophytes = woody plants
gymnosperms = naked ovules
angiosperms = flowering plants
archaeopteridales
trees with abundant wood
abundant secondary phloem
heterosporous reproduction
Evolution of Seeds
#
micropyle
permitted sperm cell to reach egg
hole in integument
pollen chamber
where microspores settled
holding area
integument
projected upward
surrounds megasporangium
Division Pteridospermophyta: Seed Ferns
evolved from Aneurophytales
manoxylic
#
earliest deed ferns in Upper Devonian Period
leaves similar to true ferns
had seeds
Division Coniferophyta: Conifers
simple venation
1 or 2 long veins in center
several parallel veins
leaf veins have endodermis
transfusion tissue
moderate to huge trees
shoots
#
short
long
cones
#
simple = pollen
compound = seed
cone bracts = leaves
ovuliferous scale = fused megasporophylls
suspensor = elongate
proembryo ---> develop into embryo
Division Cycadophyta: Cycads
#
tracheids
long
wide
rays = massive
confused with ferns
foliage
cones
dioecious
leaves don't bear ovules
100 speices
#
Division Cycadeoidophyta: Cycadeoids
almost identical to cycads
thick, fleshy scales
all extinct
#
microsporophyll
contained numerous microsporangia
cup shaped
Division Ginkgophyta: Maidenhair Tree
wood like conifers
broad leaves
one living species
shoots
short = bear leaves
long
dioecious
#
ornamental
yellow leaves in autumn
putrid odor
beautiful
Division Gnetophyta
small shrubs
native areas
tropical Africa
Amazon Basin
southeast Asia
vines
gymnosperms with vessels
"anthophytes"
three genera
