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The Immune System (In innate immunity, recognition and response rely on…
The Immune System
In innate immunity, recognition and response rely on traits common to groups of pathogens
Lysozyme, an enzyme that digests bacterial cell walls, also protects the digestive system
Each mammalian TLR, or Toll-like receptor, binds to fragments of molecules characteristic of a set of pathogens
Signals from infected tissues attract circulating neutrophils, which engulf and destroy pathogens
Macrophages are larger phagocytic cells. Some migrate throughout the body, whereas others reside permanently in organs and tissues where they are likely to encounter pathogens.
Dendritic cells populate tissues that are in contact with the environment, acting to stimulate the development of adaptive immunity
Natural killer (NK) cells circulate through the body and detect the abnormal array of surface proteins characteristic of some virus-infected and cancerous cells.
Damage to tissue by a physical injury or the entry of pathogens leads to the release of chemical signals that trigger a localized inflammatory response
In adaptive immunity, lymphocyte receptors provide pathogen-specific recognition
The vertebrate body is populated by two main types of lymphocytes: B lymphocytes (B cells) and T lymphocytes (T cells).
Any foreign molecule that is specifically recognized by lymphocytes and elicits a response from them is called an antigen.
Each B cell receptor for an antigen is a Y-shaped molecule consisting of four polypeptide chains: two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains linked by disulfide bridges.
The host protein that displays the antigen fragment on the cell surface is called an MHC (major histocompatibility) molecule.
Movement of the MHC molecule and bound antigen fragment to the cell surface results in antigen presentation, the display of the antigen fragment in an exposed groove of the MHC protein.
Some cells from the clone become effector cells, which act against the antigen and any pathogens producing that antigen
The production of effector cells from a clone of lymphocytes during the first exposure to an antigen is the basis for the primary immune response, which peaks 10 to 17 days after the initial exposure.
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