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Mendel and the Gene Idea (Inheritance (Recessively Inherited Disorders…
Mendel and the Gene Idea
Laws of Inheritance
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Punnett Squares
An organism with two identical alleles for a character is called a
it is known as for the gene controlling that character homozygote
Capital letter represents a dominant allele, and a lowercase letter represents a recessive allele
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An organism with two different alleles for a gene is a
it is known as for the gene controlling that character heterozygot
Mendel's Model
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For each character, an organism inherits two alleles, one from each parent
If the two alleles at a locus differ, the dominant allele determines the organism's appearance and the recessive allele has no effect on appearance
Law of Segregation
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two copies of each hereditary factor segregate so that offspring acquire one factor from each parent
This segregation of alleles corresponds to the distribution of homologous chromosomes to different gametes in meiosis
Inheritance
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Multifactorial Disorders
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Heart disease, cancer, alcoholism, and mental illnesses all have both genetic and environmental components
Inheritance Patterns
sex-linked inheritance the inheritance of a phenotype that is determined by a gene located on one of the sex chromosomes
pleiotropy
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Pleiotropic alleles are responsible for the multiple symptoms of certain hereditary diseases, such as cystic fibrosis and sickle-cell
Epistasis gene expression at one locus changes the phenotypic expression of a gene at a second locus
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Genetic Makeup
Degrees of Dominance
Codominance two dominant alleles affect the phenotype in separate, distinguishable ways
Incomplete Dominance the phenotype of F1 hybrids is somewhere between the phenotypes of the two parental varieties
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Heredity and Variation
Phenotype includes physical appearance, internal anatomy, physiology, and behavior
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Genotype is just genes, not physical appearance
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Probability Laws
Addition rule the probability that any one of two or more mutually exclusive events will occur is calc. by adding individual probabilities together (1/2 + 1/2 = 1)
Complex Genetics Each character is considered separately before having the independent probabilities multiplied
Multiplication rule the probability that two or more independent events will occur together is the product of their individual probabilities