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Animal Behavior, environment, population (Major Aquatic Biomes (estuaries,…

- - - - can circulate hot and cold water
      - circulation of water causes different temperatures at different coastlines
    - - rainshawdow effect
  - - - Low pressure area when air rises because pressure moves from high to low
      - When air rises, it releases its moisture and cools down as it keeps rising
      - Most rain forests are at the tropics because of air rising and releasing moisture
    - - high pressure area when air sinks
      - When air sinks, it absorbs moisture and warms up as it keeps rising
      - most deserts are where the air sinks because the air absorbs the moisture fro the ground before it rises
  - - - long days, shorter nights
    - - longer nights, shorter nigths
    - - have 12 hour days and 12 hours nights
      - September 22, 2018 and march 20, 2018
- - - - seawater flows up estuary channel during rising tide and flows back down during falling tide
      - higher- density seawater occupies bottom of channle and mixes little with low-density river water at surface
      - estuarie flow patterns combined with sediments carried by river and todal wavescreate complex network of tidal channels, islands, natural levees and mudflats
      - transition area between river and sea
    - - salinity varies spatially
      - salinity varies with rise and fall of tides
      - nutrients from river make estuaries productive
  - - - upper zones experience longer exposures to air and greater variations in temperature and salinity
      - periodically submerged and exposed by tides
      - configuration of bays or coastlines influences the magnitude of tides
      - changes in physical conditions from upper to lower zones limit distribution fro organisms
    - - O2 and nutrient levels are generally high and are renewed with each turn of the tides
  - - - headwaterstreamsare cold,cear, swift and turbulent
      - downstream, tributaries join to form river that has warmer water
      - speed and volume of flow
      - headwater streamchannels are narrow, have rocky bottom and alternate between shallow sections and deeper pools
      - downstream stretches of river are generally wide and meadering
    - - headwaters are rich in O2
      - downstream water contain substantial O2, except where the has been organic enrichment
      - salt and nutrient content increases from headwaters to the mouth
      - large fraction of organic matter in river consists of dissolved or fragmented material that is carried by current from forested streams
  - - - constantly mixed by wind driven oceanic currents
      - because of high eater quality, phtic zone extends to greater depths
      - vast ream of open blue water
      - biome covers 70% of Earth and avg depth of 400m. deepest point is more than 10 km beanth surface
    - - nutrient concentrations are lowere than coastal waters
      - tropical areas have lower nutrient concentrations than temperate oceansturnover between fall and spring renews nutrients between photic zones of temperature and high latitude ocean areas
      - O2 levels are generally high
  - - - some wetlads are inundated at all times, whereas other flood infrequently
      - basin wetlands- develop ion shallow basins, ranging from upland depressions to filled in lakes and ponds
      - habitat that is inundated by water at least some of the time and that supports plants adapted to water-saturated soil
      - riverine wetlands- develop along shallw and periodically flooded banks of rivers and streams
      - fringe wetlands- occur along coasts of large lakes and seas, where water flows back and forth due to rising lake levels or tidal action
    - - bc of high organic production both the water and soils are periodically low in dissolved oxygen
      - wetlands have a high capacity to filter disssolved nutrients and chemical pollutants
  - - - formed largely from calcium carbonate skeletons of corrals, shallow reef-building corals live in photic zone of relatively stable tropical marine environments with high water clarity
      - sensitive to temp below about 18-20C and above 30C, deep sea corral reefs found between 200 and 1500m deep, require substrate for attachment
    - - corals require high O2 levels
      - excluded by high inputs of fresh water and nutrients
  - - - light decreases with depth
      - oligotrophic lakes tend to have less surface area relative depth than euthrophic lakes
      - standing bodies of water range from few square meters to thousands of square kilometers
      - oligotrophic lakes may become more euthrophic over time as runoff adds sediments and nutrients
    - - oligotrophic lakes tend to be nutrient poor and oxygen rich
      - eutrophic lakes are nutrient rich and depletedof oxygen
  - - - consists of seafloor below surface waters of coatal or neritic zone and offshore pelagic sone, water temp devlines with depth, soft sediments cover most of benthic zone
      - organisms in deep benthic zone are adapted to continous cold and very high wataer pressure
    - - except in areas of organic enrichment, o2 is present at sufficient concentrations to support diverse life
- - - - Tropical rain forest- relatively constant, about 200-400 cm anually
      - tropical dry forest- highly seasonal about 150-200 cm anually, with a six to seven month dry season
    - - Rain forests
        
        treest that grow above a closed canopy, canopy trees, one or two layers of subcanopy trees and layers of shrubs and herbs
        
        broadleaf evergreen trees. Epipjytes like bromeliads and orchids cover trees
      - dry forests
        
        fewer layers, trees drop leaves during seasons, throny shrubs and succulent plants are common
- - - - if they see anything that could be a threat, they scream
      - they scream if people are around, but stop screaming if people just pass by
    - - they eat shrimp if you put it on them
      - same thing w plastic
        
        eventually they stop eating plastic
  - - - teach mice to press a lever to dispense food if the green light turns on
    - - teach crows that putting quarter in slot brings food
  - - - if you're around that critical time, you're a mom now
    - - they go to the ocean and come back to same place, but they have to imprint a certain life stage
  - - - ring bell and give you food
      - eventually ringing the bell causes dogs to salivate
  - - - didn't need to evolve to discriminate between eggs
    - - possibly developed to attack prey, predators, other males?
  - - - ancient babies that didn't ave the ability fell fro mom and died
    - - also keels over and oozzes
      - can be seen as soon as they hatch
  - - - give them time to solve a puzzle and they could
    - - they were taught to solve puzzles for food
      - puzzles they solved were parts of a bigger puzzle
        
        they put 2 and 2 together and solved the big puzzle
- - - - for centuries, human pop was relatively constant until 1900s then rate of growth increased a lot
- - - - united states
      - india
      - china
    - - oman
      - bahrain
      - niger
  - - - curb the population
      - lower standard of living and distribute the wealth
      - find alternative resources
- - - - as pop density increases, the faster it'll spread
      - big issue because the disease can become resistant as it passes from person to person
      - ppl in rural areas are less likely to spread or catch disease vs people in urban setting
    - - as pop density increases, risk of predation increases
      - if species starts to thrive in one are, they become an avilable food source for other species
      - humans don't really have to worry about this because no animal hunts humans for food
      - predator species will grow due to increasing food supplyy
    - - as more animals live in one area, the less food each animal gets
      - as more people move into an area, the more expensive housing gets
      - as pop density increases, availability of resources decreases
    - - animals will kill each other if they cross each other territory
      - not crossing these borders helps keep pop density down
      - can limit pop density when space becomes the resources for competion
    - - putting people in a room fro a while makes them easily agetated toward one another
      - aggresive interactions between individuals could keep reproduction
    - - pollution
      - kills off species and keeps pop density at bay
- - - - evenly spaced pattern of dispension that may form from direct interactions between individuals in the population
      - some plants secrete chemicals that inhibit the germination nd groth of nearby individuals that could compete for resources
      - result of antagonistic social interactions like territoriality
      - nesting king penguins exhibit aggressive interactions between neighbors
    - - pattern occurs in absense of strong aattractions or repulsions
      - plants established by windblown seeds ike dandelions will be randomly distributed
      - the position of each individual in a population is independent of other individuals
    - - Plants and other fungi are clumped where its favorable to germinated and grow
      - insects and slamanders clumped under same log because of higher humidity
      - sea stars group together where foods is available and they can breed
      - increased effctiveness of predation or defense
      - individuals are aggregated into patches