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英语语法（动词） (被动语态：语态☞的是动词特定的形式或特殊的转意方法，用以表明动作主体和动词行为之间的关系。 …

- - - - shall/should/ought to
        
        should
        1.【义务】表达建议、意见和观点，语气比must 缓和。
        例：You should insure your computer against accidental damage - it's sensible.
        2.【义务】表达命令和指示，语气比must 更客气。
        例：Visitors should report to the office.
        3.【确定性】不确定某事是否真实，但有合理理由作出判断。
        例：He left an hour ago. He should be home by now.
        4.【非真实】should have told 表述过去的非真实情况，可能与实际事情相反或不一定发生的事情。
        例：You should have told me earlier.
        5.【确定性】should have 表述有理由预期某事已经发生。
        例：Rebecca should have arrived home by now.
        
        ought to
        1.【义务】用法与should相似，不常用。
        例：You ought to insure your computer.
        2.疑问句形式用Do/should。
        例：Do you think I ought to ...?
        3.【确定性】类似should。
      - will/would
        
        will
        1.【确定性】will have 表述有理由预期某事已经发生。
        例：Dear Sir, you will recently have received our new price list...
        2.【意愿】表达做某事的意愿。
        例：Will you come this way,please?
        3.【习惯】表达习惯和典型行为。
        例：He'll watch TV all day, but he won't spend 5 minutes doing homework.
        
        would
        1.【意愿】使要求更加客气。
        例：Would you come this way,please?
        2.【习惯】表达过去的特定时间内习惯和典型行为。
        例：On Sundays all the family would come to our place for lunch.
      - must / have to
        都表示必要性&义务
        
        must
        1.【必要性】表述说话人/听话人的情感和愿望。
        例：I must get my hair cut：it's too long.
        2.【义务】常用于规章制度
        例：All drivers must have adequate insurance.
        3.【确定性】确信某事是真实的，来自于逻辑推理而非直接经历。
        例：She must be at home - her car's outside and the lights are on.
        
        have to
        1.【义务】表示来自其他方面的义务。
        例：My wife says I've got to get my hair cut.
      - can/could
        
        can
        1.【能力】表述取决于（目前的）能力/情况/协议/决定等的（未来）动作;其它情况下用be able to.
        例①：I can come in tomorrow evening if you like
        例②：The doctor says I will be able to walk properly in 3 months.
        
        常与see\ hear\ feel\ taste\ smell\ understand\ remember连用，表达【进行】意义。
        例：I can see Susan coming down the road.
        
        3.【许可】最不客气/不正式地请求他人的许可。
        例：Excuse me - Can I just get past？
        4.【许可】给予/拒绝他人的许可，【不用】could。
        例①：Could I start late tomorrow? -Of course you can.
        例②：Sorry, you can't have the car today.
        5.【确定性】确信某事是假的，这种确信来自于逻辑推理，而非直接经历，用can't。
        例：She can't be at home:her car's gone and there are no lights on.
        
        could
        1.【能力】表示一般的能力，在过去任何时候能随心所欲地做到某事。
        例：When I was younger I could run 10KM in under 40 minutes.
        2.【不用于】表述某人在某场合做了某事，应该用manage to、succeed in。
        例：I managed to run 10km yesterday in 55 minutes.
        例：After 3 days' climbing they succeeded in getting to the top.
        3.【许可】稍微客气/正式地请求他人的许可；加入possibly / Do you think 会更客气。
        例①：Could I possibly take your car for the afternoon？
        例②：Do you think I could leave my bags here for half an hour？
        4.【可能性】类似might
        5.【确定性】表述可能的情况，对已经发生的事情不确定。
        例：He could have missed the train, I suppose.
      - may/might
        
        might
        1.表示请求许可，极为客气很少用。
        例：Might I make a suggestion？
        2.【可能性】表示较小可能性
        例：It might rain later, but I don't really think it will.
        3.【确定性】表述可能的情况，对已经发生的事情不确定。
        例：They might have gone away for the weekend.
        
        may
        1.表示请求许可，与could相似。
        例：May I use your phone？
        2.给予/拒绝他人的许可，【不用】might。
        例：You may stroke the horses, but you may not feed them.
        3.【不用于】询问通常允许的许可，如规则和法律。
        例：Can children go into pubs in Scotland？（不用may）
        4.【可能性】表述某事可能是真的/可能会发生。
        例：Let's hurry - the shop may still be open.
        5.may well 表述某事的可能性很大。
        例：He may well get a really good result.
        6.【非真实】may have gone 表述过去的非真实情况，表示和实际发生相反或者不一定发生。
        例：She may have gone home.
        7.【确定性】表述可能的情况，对已经发生的事情不确定。
        例：I may have left my keys here this morning.
      - need
        1.【非真实】表述过去的非真实情况，实际发生的事情相反或不一定发生。
        例①：I needn't have cooked so much food .Nobody was hungry.（煮了，并不需要煮）
        例②：We had plenty of food left over from lunch, so I didn't need to cook.（不需要煮，所以没煮）
        2.表述说话时必要的事情。疑问句和否定句中常用。
        例①：Need I send in the application now?
        例②：Tell her she needn't come in tomorrow.
      - had better
        表示提出强烈的建议，不是过去时，不是比较级，而是“现在最好做这件事”。
        1.表述不客气的请求。
        例：You'd better go now ,or the shops will be closed.
      - be supposed to
        表达所期待或应该或应当发生的事情。
        例①：John was supposed to come at 6.00.
        例②：She's supposed to be a singer.
      - used to
        1.【习惯】表述过去的情况和习惯（没有现在时形式）
        例：I used to play tennis a lot.
        2.【形式】否定句和疑问句中用did
        例：Did you use to smoke?
  - - - 完成式不定式（to have gone)
        1.与完成时/过去时意义相同。
        例：I'm pleased to have met you.=...that I have met you
        2.对于was/were, meant, would like/would have liked,可用此形式表示与实际发生的相反情况。
        例：They were to have got married in June, but she broke it off.
      - 不带to的不定式（do）
        使用情景1：在情态动词（ought除外）后面使用。
        例：I must go now.
        使用情景2：why（not）...的结构中使用。
        例：Why not try our buffet?
        使用情景3：在do的表达式后面使用。
        例：Do you drink coffee?
        All I did was give him a little push.
        What a fire door does is delay the spread of a fire.
        使用情景4：当2个不定式结构由连词连接时，第二个不定式不带to。
        连词包括：and, or, except, but, than, as, like
        例：I am going to sit and read for a bit.
        Do you want to talk now or wait till later?
        使用情景5：某些动词+宾语+不带to，如let, make, help
        例：Don't let John know I'm here.
      - 一般不定式（to do）
        使用情景1：表达愿望/期望的动词后+宾语+不定式。
        这些动词包括：help, tell, want, would like, expect, need, mean, would prefer, persuade, cause, encourage.
        例：Will you help me to pack?
        使用情景2：某些介词动词+宾语+不定式。如wait for, arrange for
        例：Can you wait for me to finish checking my mail?
        I arranged for the students to have meal in the canteen.
        
        形容词+不定式（easy to do）
        1.一些形容词后接不定式可表示使人有某种感觉/反应。
        例：His lectures are easy to understand. It's too heavy to carry.
        2.介词可以跟在不定式后面
        例：She's nice to talk to. Some things are hard to think about.
        
        名词/代词+不定式（sth. to do）
        1.可用“名词/代词+不定式”表示必须做/可能做的事情，这个名词/代词就是宾语，不需要另一个宾语。
        例：I've got some phone calls to make.
        Have you got enough to drink？
        There's too much work to do.
        2.在以上结构中介词可以跟在不定式后面。
        例：I wish the children had a garden to play in.
        I need somebody to talk to.
        3.在非常正式的文体中，2.的介词还可以放在关系代词之前。
        例：a garden in which to play
        4.可用带 for 的结构显示不定式的主语。
        例：Here are some documents for Mary to sign.
        
        主语+不定式（for sb. to do）
        1.在形容词/名词之后，如果不定式需要自身的主语，该主语由for引出。该结构常用于表示可能性、必要性、重要性、频率、表达看法等。
        例：The plan was for John to buy a bus.
        2.上述句式可用“there be”句型。
        例：It's important for there to be a fire escape at the back of the building.
      - 被动式不定式（to be done）
        在表达愿望/期望的动词后，常略去to be。
        例：We need this (to be) repaired by tomorrow.
        
        名词/代词+被动式不定式（sth. to be done）
        如果更多考虑是要做服么而不是谁来做，则用此表达方式。比较：
        ① I've got a pile of clothes to wash. ② There's a pile of clothes to wash/ to be washed
        例：pills to be taken 3 times a day. / package not to be opened before Christmas. / My keys were nowhere to be found. #
      - to +ing形式和 to do不定式的情况区分？
        
        to可以是介词，用于名词/代词前，此时to后接ing形式。
        例：I object to here attitude. （to是介词）
        I object to paying so much for petrol .（+ing形式）
        
        2.used to 和 be used to的区分：
        ① I used to do sth.=我以前喜欢做某事，但现在不再做了。
        ②I am used to doing sth. =我已学会做某事，对它不再陌生。
    - - doing充当动词的各种形式
        
        一般式ing形式（doing）
        1.大多数情况下，与完成时/过去时意义相同。
        例：I apologise for not being here earlier.
        2.need之后的ing形式可表示被动意义。
        例：The car needs washing.=...needs to be washed.
        3.一些动词可以接宾语+ing形式。
        例：I hate people telling me how to live my life
        
        限定词+doing（my speaking）
        1.当ing形式像名词一样做主语/宾语时，前面常带所有格。（很正式的用法）
        例：Do you mind my speaking English？ John's agreeing to share an office made everything much easier.
        2.非正式结构一般用非所有格形式，特别是ing形式做宾语时。
        例：Do you mind me speaking English？
        3.也可以用其它限定词。
        例：All this arguing is getting on my nerves.
        
        完成式ing形式（having done)
        1.与完成时/过去时意义相同。
        例：I am not aware of having broken any law.=... that I have broken any law. #
      - doing充当现在分词
        
        分词的作用：
        可以充当形容词词性，可以和直接宾语、间接宾语、主语补足语、宾语补足语等连用。
        1.现在分词的一般式，表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，或在谓语动词表示的动作之前发生。如：
        The boys and girls went to school, singing and dancing all along the way .
        2.现在分词的完成式，表示的动作在谓语动词表示的动作之前已发生，常用作时间状语或原因状语。如：
        Having done the work very well ,he was praised by the teacher.
        
        分词短语的构成=分词+分词补充成分+所有修饰该分词&补充成分的单词/短语
        
        分词的形式：一般式doing / being done；完成式having done / having been done
      - doing充当动名词
        
        动名词的形式：①一般式，如，writing / being written ; ②完成式，如，having written / having been written
        
        动名词的作用：名词词性
        ①动名词作具有状语性质的宾语时，动名词一般式表示的动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生。如：
        The teacher is busy collecting the students’ exam papers.
        ②动名词的完成式在作具有状语性质的宾语时，表示的动作在谓语动词的动作之前已发生。如：
        He was praised by the teacher for having done the work wonderfully.
    - - 1. remember & forget
        ① +不定式表示必须要做的事情；
        例：Remember to pick up the cleaning. I forgot to phone Jenny - sorry.
        ② +ing 是回顾已经发生了的事情；
        例：I still remember buying my first bicycle.
        2.regret
        ① +ing 表示回顾；
        例：I'll always regret leaving school so early.
        ② +不定式多数用于宣布坏消息。
        例：We regret to in form passengers that the 4.15 train has been cancelled.
        3. go on
        ① +ing形式表示继续做某事；
        例：He went on talking about himself through the meal.
        ② +不定式表示接着做（另一件事）
        例：Then he stopped talking about himself and went on to talk about his son.
      - 4. stop
        ①通常+ing形式。
        例：I had to stop running because of knee problems.
        ② +不定式是为停止做某事给出理由。
        例：I ran for half an hour, and then stopped to rest.
        5. mean
        ① +不定式表示“意欲做某事”；
        例：Sorry-I didn't mean to wake you up.
        ② +ing形式意思是“意味着……”、“产生……的结果”。
        例：If you want to pass the exam it will mean studying very hard.
        6. try
        ① +不定式表示努力做困难的事情；
        例：I tried hard to change the wheel, but my hands were too cold.
        ② +ing形式表示“尝试一下（看是否有效）”
        例：Try changing the batteries .
      - 7. advise/ allow/ permit/ forbid
        ① 有宾语=v.+宾语+不定式
        例：John advised us to see a doctor.
        ② 无宾语=v.+ing形式
        例：John advised seeing a lawyer.
        8. hear/ listen/ see/ watch +宾语
        ① v.+宾语+（不带to的）不定式表示已完成的动作；
        例：I once heard him give a wonderful talk about women's rights.
        ② v.+宾语+ing形式表示正在进行的动作
        例：Listen to Jessica singing in the shower！
        9.hate
        +不定式表示“当下的一个动作”/“下一个动作”；其他情况可混用。
        例①：I hate to break up the party, but I've got to go home.
        例②：I hate to cook / cooking.
      - 10.like
        表述选择和习惯时+不定式，其他情况可混用。
        例①：I like to climb / climbing mountains.
        例②：If I'm travelling, I like to pack the night before.
        11. would like 只能+不定式。
        例：Would you like to dance?
        12. afraid (of )
        ① afraid of +ing形式，谈论对偶然发生的事情表示担心；
        例：Let's turn the music off - I'm afraid of waking the baby.
        ② 其余情况可混用。
        例：I'm not afraid to tell / of telling people what I think.
        13.sure / certain（of）
        ① +ing形式描述所谈论对象的感觉（人家感觉）
        例：She seems very sure of winning.
        Are you certain of being ready in time?
        ② +不定式表示说话人的感受（我觉得）
        例：She's very confident, but I think she's sure to lose.
        14. interested（in）
        ①+不定式表示得知某时候的反应（很感兴趣）
        例：I was interested to see in the paper that they have found gold on the moon.
        ② +ing形式表示对做某事的愿望。
        例：I'm interested in taking a Chinese course.Do you know a good school?
        15.begin/ can't bear/ continue/ intend/ love/ prefer/ start
        +不定式和+ing没有差别
        例：She began to play/playing the violin at age4.
        I can't bear to see/seeing animals suffer.
- - - - 动词+特定介词构成介词动词
        1.介词动词的意思是约定俗成的，不同于两个构成成分的意义。
        e.g: Look after ≠ Look+ after
        2.动词接不同介词，表达不同词义。
        e.g: Look at the rain!
        Can you help me look for my glasses?
        I look after Ellie's dogs when she's travelling.
      - :warning:动词+副词小品词 VS. 动词+介词的区别：
        1.动词+介词后必须接宾语；但语序可以前后调换
        e.g: Look at this. We ran out of the house.
        What are you looking at?
        2.动词+副词小品词=短语动词，宾语可有可无，位置前后皆可。
        e.g: Look out！Sit down.
        She cut the wood up./ She cut up the wood.
        :red_flag:3.但当宾语是代词时，则小品词必须置于其后。
        e.g: She cut it up. Switch if off.
        4.一些动词同时带介词和小品词。
        e.g: I get on with most people.
      - 动词+副词+介词连用，构成含3个单词的动词。
        如：He's really likely to go through with his threat.
        还有cut back on , look up to等