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Ｗater Leakage (成因 (NetWork Construction管網結構 (materials (UK:…

- - - - UK: 導水管aqueduct是主要漏水
- - - - 實驗
        
        塗在ITTWARA Pumps
        
        在最佳效率點上，可以減少7% （1.1kW)的能量消耗
      - 功能
        
        水壓增加
        
        流量增加
        
        減少能源消耗
      - 優點
        
        filter
        
        減少boundary layer
        
        流體黏滯力下降
        
        抗磨損
        
        表面能量小、平滑
        
        親油性
      - 減少設備的loss
        
        平滑度是磨光過的不鏽鋼管線的15倍
        
        隔離金屬錶免於環境，減少腐蝕發生
        
        保護pumping系統,提升pump的表現
  - - - 利用NDVI index
        
        配合氣象資料
        
        評估綠色植被生長狀況來看漏水的可能性
      - Steps
        
        Step 7: Definition of areas with possible leakage
        problems.
        
        Step 6: Application of other vegetation indices and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) aswell as spatial filters for the detection of vegetated
        areas.
        
        Step 5: Masking of areas within threshold boundaries.
        
        Step4:DefinitionofthresholdsfortheNDVIvalues.
        These thresholds were defined a-priori after field spectroradiometric campaigns
        
        Step 3: Calculation of the NDVI index in the area of interest
        
        Step 2: Radiometric and Geometric corrections of the image, including atmospheric correction. In this paper, the Darkest Pixel image based algorithm was applied since it is a fast and accurate method for removing atmospheric effects
        
        Step 1: Define the broader zone of “suspicious” leakage areas.
      - Pyla
      - Water leakage detection using remote sensing, field spectroscopy and GIS in semiarid areas of Cyprus
      - QuickBird Image
        
        PCA分析
        
        減少數據集的維數，同時保持數據集中的對變異數貢獻最大的特徵
        
        Resized 那些可能有漏水問題的地區，所小範圍
    - - 利用NDVI difference來計算觀察管線連接點是否有漏水
      - Steps:
        
        Step 7: Definition of areas with possible leakage
        problems using spatial filters.
        
        Step6:DefinitionofthresholdsfortheNDVIvalues
        based on pre-defined thresholds
        
        Step5:CalculationofNDVIdifferencebetweenthe
        two images.
        
        Step 4: Calculation of NDVI index in the area of
        interest in the whole dataset.
        
        Step 3: Masking of images.
        
        Step2:Creationofbufferzonesaroundthejointsof the water pipeline.
        
        Step 1: Radiometric and geometric corrections of the images.
      - semiautomatic
      - Cyprus Avgoru
- - - - 調整pipe粗糙度
  - - - 優點
        
        降低能源成本
        
        降低維修成本（直接）
        
        節省人力、保險、機器操作成本（間接）
      - 改善方式
        
        管線修復及更換
        
        減壓控制
    - - Acoustics聽覺
      - Radioactive
      - electromagnetic
      - Ground Penetrating Radar
      - Linear Polarization resistance
      - Remote Sensing
        
        cost effective
      - GIS
        
        cost effective