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Chapter 14 (Concept 14.1: mendel used the scientific approach to identify…

- - - - true-breeding is referring to organisms that produce offspring of the same variety over many generations of self- pollination
        
        hybridization is when plants mate, or crossing between two true-breeding varieties
        
        P generation is the true-breeding parents
        
        F1 generation is the hybrid offspring of the P{ generation
- - - - recessive alleles have no noticeable effect on the organisms appearance
        
        the law of segregation states that the two alleles for a heritable character segregate (separate from each other) during gamete formation and end up in different gametes
        
        a punnett square is a handy diagrammatic device for predicting the allele composition of offspring from a cross between individuals of known genetic makeup.
- - - - heterozygous produce gametes with different alleles so they arent true-breeding
        
        phenotypes is between an organisms appearance or observable traits
        
        genotype is the phenotype genetic makeup
        
        testcross is when breeding an organism of unknown genotype with a recessive homozygote
- - - - dihybrid cross is a cross between F1 hybrids
        
        the law of independent assortments states that two or more genes assort independently that is, each pair of alleles segregates independently of any other pair of alleles, during gamete formation
- - - - codominance is another variation on dominance relationships between alleles
        
        tay-sachs disease is an inherited disorder in humans where the brain cells cannot metabolize certain lipids mbecause a crucial enzyme does not work properly
        
        pleiotropy is where most genes have multiple phenotypic effects
        
        epistasis is the phenotypic experession of a gene at one locus alters that of a gene at a second locus
        
        quantitative characters is when many characters are not one or two discrete characters but instead vary in the population in the gradations along a continuum
        
        polygenic inheritance is an additive effect of two or more genes on a single phenotypic character
- - - - sickle cell disease affects one out of every 400 african americans and is caused by the substitution of a single amino acid in the hemoglobin protein of red blood cells
        
        cystic fibrosis strikes one out of every 2500 people of european descent
        
        huntingtons disease is a degenerative disease of the nervous system
        
        aminocentesis which is a procedure in which a physician inserts a needle into the uterus and extracts 10 mL of amniotic fluid