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physical side of human sexuality (primary characteristics: sexual organs…
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embryo
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gender
▪ Men: transmen, cismen, etc
intersex
a modern term of a hermaphrodite, a person whom possesses ambiguous sexual organs, making it difficult to determine actual sex from a visual inspection at birth
Non-binary: agender, genderqueer, etc.
▪ Women: transwomen, ciswomen, etc.
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gender identity
psychological influences : it is like physical sex is also not straightforward as males who are masculine and females who are feminine.
transgender
people's sense of identity doesn't have always match their external appearance or even sex chromosomes that determine they are male or female
majority of transgender have no distress about their about the changes they and therefore doesn't have gender dysphoria
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gender dysphoria
it is a syndrome that a person experiences gender congruence, feeling that he or she Is occupying other gender or some alternative gender that isnot as same as their assigned gender
▪ Treatment: counseling, hormone therapy, surgery
transsexual
people who choose tio alter themselves physically through surgery or hormonal treatments are generally termed as transsexual
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gender roles : the cultural expectations for male and female behavior, including attitudes, actions, and personality traits associated with being male or female in that culture
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environmental influences
environment has a great impact on gender identity especially when parents are more sensitive about the boys than the girls in order to act like a man
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gender role development
social learning theory : it emphasizes learning through observation and imitation of models, attributes gender- role development to those processes
gender schema theory : a theory that gender- role development that combines social learning theory with cognitive development.
gender stereotype : a concept held about a person or group of people that is based on being male or female
male gender stereotype: aggressive, logical, decisive, unemotional, impatient.....
stereotype: a set of characteristics that people believe is shared by all members of a particular social category; a concept held about a person or a group of people that is based on superficial, irrelevant characteristics
female gender stereotype : illogical, emotional, changeable, sensitive.....
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androgyny : characteristic of possessing the most positive e personality characteristics of males and females regardless of actual sex.
Updating the Theory
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hypothesis 1 : many people born with vaginas have XX sex chromosomes, and many people born with penises have XY sex Chromosomes
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hypothesis 2 : some people born withy vaginas have XY sex chromosomes, and some people born with penises have XX sex Chromosomes
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What about Sex?
hypothesis 2: a person born with a vagina cannot have XY sex chromosomes and a person born with a penis cannot have XX sex chromosomes
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hypothesis 1 : a person born with a vagina always has XX sex chromosomes and a person born with a penis always has XY sex chromosomes
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Original Theory: There are exactly two biological sexes, and those
sexes are solely genetically determined
so what about gender?
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original theory : there are exactly two genders, and gender is solely determined by biological sex at birth
more terminology
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▪ AFAB/AMAB terminology emphasizes that someone else is applying a label based on limited information
gender differences
cognitive differences : like math skills or verbal skills , may be present but are possibly due to psychological and social issues rather than biology
social and personality differences : male and female interacts with each others in their personality traits are often as a result of stereotyped thinking about sexes
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