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Elizabeth: Maintaining the Settlement (The end of consensus and the…
Elizabeth: Maintaining the Settlement
The threat posed by Mary, Queen of Scots
Elizabeth, marriage and the succession
very important issue
Government wanted her married but one that would respect religious and national priorities
negotiations to who would marry her were a useful diplomatic tool
by 1569 had been courted by 10 possible suitors including Prince Eric of Sweden, Acrhduke Charles of Austria and Philip II.
Elizabeth resolved never to marry despite requests from Parliament in 1563 and 66
came to England in 1568
held in a secure location, first in Carlisle Castle and then in Bolton Castle
Her claim to the Throne
great-grandaughter of Henry VII
grandaughter of Henry VIII's sister margaret
stuarts deliberately excluded from Third Act of Succession because of their Catholic religion
Treaty of Greenwich
potential marriage between her and Edward
the re-emergence of a Catholic Party and the Rising of the Northern Earls
The Rising of the Northern Earls
causes for the rebellion
court politics
failure of getting Mary to be named heir meant rebels wanted to achieve it by showing military strength
feudal rebellion
powerful magnates used tenants to reassert their authority over the Northern country
James Pilkington, Bishop of Durham, said "and to rejoice in ancient blood, what can be more vain?"
major cause because attacked on religious beliefs and practices of the region
Pilkington
his clergy aggressive in promotion of change
they attacked church decorations and lands leased by clergy to local families were regained
not much change in the region until this point
Pilkington wanted to enforce what he saw as the true religion
24 October 1597:
Elizabeth demanded account of what was happening from Council of the North
Earl of Sussex summoned Earls of Northumberland and Westmoreland: forced earls' hand and gave signal to start rebellion on 9 November
What happened during the rebellion
not a clear plan of campaign but enough armed support
14 November: earls marched to Durham Cathedral and tore down evidence of Protestantism and celebrated Mass
began to march down south and reached Tadcaster a week later
had 3800 footmen and 1600 on horseback
24 November: rebels turned back to Knaresborough
support from Lancashire and Chesire didn't come and rumours of forces in the south in support of government
retreat beginning meant no release of Mary
siege of Barnard Castle
division took Hartlepool where they hoped Spanish support might land
Collapse of the rebellion
news of approach of government troops but no support from Spain
skirmish at Hexham and then frozen Christmas
rebel leaders fled over scottish border
Elizabeth's excommunication in 1570 to encourage rebels came too late
Northumberland captured and handed to English in June 1572 + executed 2 months later
Westmoreland fled to the Netherlands
Catholic sympathisers in court who wanted to Promote Mary's case
notable ones described as semi-catholic
Thomas Howard, Duke of Norfolk: attended church but still had catholic sympathies
Earl of Northumberland: reconverted to Rome in 1567
Earl of Westmoreland
suggested that Mary should marry Duke of Norfolk
he also had claim to throne so offered solution to succession question
early example of factional rivalry in court
Plan to marry Norfolk to Mary unraveled
Leicester confessed to it
Norfolk disobeyed summons to attend Elizabeth and fled to Norfolk
fear of rebellion
Mary had also been sending letters to her supporters in England and Europe
When norfolk returned to London and was imprisoned, rumours of an uprising spread across the north
The end of consensus and the condition of the settlement by 1570
government's response to rebellion
executed 8 of the leaders at Tyburn
Elizabeth ordered execution of 700 of rank and file under martial law
lot of gentry allowed to live if they surrendered their lands and possession to the Crown
restrictions on Mary grew stricter
Excommunication of elizabeth
turning point in Elizabeth's religious policy
first considered excommunicating her in 1569 to support Mary's claim to the throne
Elizabeth's defeat of rebellion meant she didn't want to open negotiations with papacy
also meant that Catholics continuing to obey queen would be excommunicated
Thomas Cartwright created Church of Christ's Apostles
criticised Church of England
demanded abolition of bishops, deans and archdeacons
wanted election of priests by their congregation
supporters wanted to remove remnants of Catholic liturgy
preparted to use parliamentary session of 1571 to do this
religious policy from 1570
toleration of Catholics and extreme protestants not as apparent
policy enforced more strongly
laws on recusancy not fully enforced
Treason act in 1571 made it offence to deny that Elizabeht was lawful Queen and those who converted someone to catholicism deemed as a traitor