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Ecology (Populations and Population Growth (Population size (Reproduction…
Ecology
Populations and Population Growth
Factors affecting population size
Birth rate
Death rate
Immigration (IN)
Emigration (OUT)
Dispersion Patterns
Clumped (humans)
Uniform (territorial organisms- penguins)
Random (trees/ things spread by wind)
Survivorship Curves
I- most survive and die in old age
II- organisms steadily die at all ages
III- most die early in life, only a few survive to adulthood
Population size
Change in pop. size= births + immigration - deaths - emigration
r= rate of increase or decrease in population size per unit time
Exponential growth- usually followed by crash
Severity of crash depends on how quickly resources can be replenished
Logistic growth- levels out
K= carrying capacity
Reproduction and population size
Semelparous- reproduce one and die
Iteroparous- reproduce multiple times in their life
r selected- lots of babies and hope some survive
k selected- only a few babies and take care of them so they survive
Population Density
Density dependent factors (for population growth)
Food
Water
Habitable space
Waste
Disease
Competition
Density independent factors (for population growth)
Natural disaster
Loss of food (unrelated to amount of consumption)
Human population
Ecological footprint
- how much area is required for all the resources a person uses
Highly developed EF= 24 acres
Developing/ underdeveloped EF= 2.4 acres
K of the earth is dependent on what standard of living you want; we have the resources for everyone to have 3.2 acre EF
Animal Behavior
Types of Animal Behavior
Innate
Genetically programmed- have it from day 1
e.g. grasping reflex, baby turtles head toward the sea
Fixed Action Pattern
Triggered by something for a purpose, series of actions taken to completion
e.g. good will pull anything that looks kind of like an egg into their nest and sit on it
Imprinting
Happens during a critical period early in life
e.g. ducks following mother, salmon imprint on creeks they come from so they can return to spawn
Associative Learning
Associate stimuli with some action or response
e.g. associating food with a location
Trial and Error (Operant Conditioning)
Figure it out by trying different things until something works
e.g. crow vending machine
Habituation
Getting used to and eventually ignoring a repeated stimuli
e.g. prairie dogs- used to react to humans as predators, eventually stopped
Observational Learning
Watching another organism and mimicking (mirror neurons)
e.g. octopus learning to open a jar by watching another do it
Insight
Problem solving, making new and indirect connections
e.g. candle problem
Motivations for animal behavior
Food
Mating/ reproduction
Protection/ avoidance of predators
Raising offspring (parent offspring relationship)
Evolution of Animal Behavior
Behaviors that increase survival and the fitness of an organism will perpetuate and increase in frequency
Behaviors are taught to offspring by parents
Environments of Earth
Causes of Environments
Tilt of the earth
23.5º
Tilt toward the sun= higher temp, away from the sun= cooler temps
Bodies of water
Large bodies of water regulate temperature by absorbing heat
Coriolis effect
direction of earth rotation causes wind direction
Rainshadow effect
Effect of mountains on weather- lots of rain on one side, very dry on the other side
Wind
Hot humid air rises, loses water through precipitation, then cool dry air comes back down and sucks up moisture from the surroundings
Hot humid air goes up around 0º and 60º
Less hot dry air comes down around 30º and poles (where deserts usually are)
Terrestrial Biomes
Tropical Forest
Near equator, wet or dry, hot, dominated by trees, variety of animals
Desert
Around 30º N & S of equator, dry, hot or cold, little plant life (mostly succulents), small animals such as arthropods, snakes, lizards
Savanna
Equator and subequator, relatively dry, warm (some seasonal variation), GRASS, grazers and predators of grazers
Chaparral
SEASONAL FIRES
, mid latitude, wet and dry seasons, hot summers (some seasonal variation),
shrubs and small trees
, deer, goats, rabbits
Temperate Grasslands
30º-70º, seasonal rains, seasonal temperatures (hot and cold but not extremes), grasses and forbs, grazers such as bison and horses
Northern Coniferous Forest
Sub Polar (Northern USA, Canada, Siberia), seasonal/ varied precipitation, generally cold but seasonal temperatures, conifers, birds, moose, bears
Temperate Broadleaf Forest
Mid latitude, wet, seasonal moderate temperatures (not extreme hots or colds), deciduous trees, mammals, birds, insects
Tundra
Polar and tops of mountains, generally dry but variation exists, cold, mosses and grasses, oxen, bears, wolves- basically anything that can live there
Aquatic Biomes
Lakes
Varied size, less light with depth, varied salt/ O2/ nutrient contents, less surface area to depth, rooted and floating plants, zooplankton and fish
Wetlands
Water saturated soil, low in O2, found in shallow basins, pond lilies/ cattails, dragonflies, otters, frogs, herons
Streams / Rivers
Speed and volume of water flow, salt and nutrient content increase from headwaters to end points, headwaters are narrow and rocks while downstream is usually wide and silty, plants and phytoplankton, fish/ invertebrates
Estuaries
B/w rivers and sea, varied salt but high nutrient content, complex tidal channels, algae, worms/ oysters/ crabs/ fish
Intertidal Zones
Alternately submerged & exposed by tides, high O2 & nutrients, algae/ sea grass, sponges/ anemones/ echinoderms
Ocean Pelagic Zones
Open water (mixed by wind), high O2/ low nutrients, avg depth of 4000 m, phytoplankton, zooplankton
Coral Reefs
Calcium carb skeletons of corals,
require high O2
, solid attachment site necessary for corals, algae, corals
Marine Benthic Zones
Sea floor, sufficient (not particularly high) O2,
no sunlight
, soft sediment, seaweed
chemoautotrophs
, invertebrates/ fish