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Elizabeth: Supporters and opponents of the Settlement (The Vestiarian…
Elizabeth: Supporters and opponents of the Settlement
The Consolidation of the Settlement through Visitations
Intention of Elizabeth's settlement
establish the Anglican church
doctrine was protestant but Catholics able to accept the liturgy and royal supremacy
provided initial period of calm
extreme protestants = pressures for change
System of Visitations
Visitors appointed by Bishops
examined beliefs of clergy and observance of liturgy by parish churches
Visitors to report back to the bishop
BUT some took actions on the spot
early Visitations: destruction of altars, images and clerical clothing
reason for harshness of visitations
conducted by protestants
thought the settlement was only temporary + wanted to ensure reformed church was based on Protestant theology
1559 - 1564: 400 clergy resigned or were deprived
b/c they were unwilling to accept restrictions or openly catholic
initial one only dealt with province of Canterbury
dispute over crucifix
shows difference between Elizabeth and her bishops
Elizabeth wanted all churches to have a crucifix on the altar
Bishop Jewel and Grindal threatened to resign
meant Elizabeth had to back down
The Vestiarian Controversy
1565: Elizabeth wrote to Archbishop Parker
demanded he use his authority to ensure clergy didn't deviate from religious settlement + rites and practices laid down by injunctions
Elizabeth had become aware of reports of reluctance of clergy to wear Vestments specified by Act of Uniformity
bishops turned blind eye to non-cooperation
1566: Advertisements by Archbishop Parker
clear statement of what was expected of clergy in doctrine, administration of the sacraments and clerical dress
incuded:
font should be used for baptism, rather than a basin
basing becoming increasingly popular
bread and wine should be given to communicants that were kneeling
extreme protestants feared this implied belief in corporeal presence
Surplice should only be worn for church services
clergy should wear biretta outside of church
this was a hat
higher clergy in cathedrals should wear vestments consmensurate with their position
This was a compromise
Elizabeth didn't want white Surplice but Grindal told Parker this was as fire as extreme protestant clergy would go
March 2566: Parker invited 110 of London clergy to Lambeth Palace
parade of correct dress to be worn for different occasions
37 refused to accept this
suspended from their living
objected on theological grounds
rejected display of papism and implication that clergy were not of the people
in catholic church vestment showed that clergy were above laity because of their link with God
Conflict escalated
pamphlets produced arguing there were biblical references forbidding the wearing of surplices
Puritans said it was not the monarch's right to determine clerical dress
if this was ok what else could the monarch do?
this concern could cause schism in the Church
challenge of settlement from London Clergy and universities
some extremists considered breaking with the Church of England
Archbishop parker asked Elizabeth to give legal authority to Advertisements
Elizabeth refused
didn't want to interfere further because this had annoyed protestants already
offenders would have been tried by herself or privy Council which was unthinkable
parker had to impose Advertisements on his own
The acquiescence of Catholics
Catholic practices still continued after the Settlement
Catholicism was not entirely eradicated and Church Settlement everywhere
Visitations of 1559 only dealt with Canterbury
continued in distant areas far from London that were more conservative
high profile resignations and removals but still a good number of clergy that adhered to the Old Faith
difficult to figure out how many because not easy to define what was a Catholic
priests who adhered to pre-reformation rites and rituals
Church papists: people who remained loyal to Catholic beliefs but attended Anglican Church
Recusants: refused to attend CofE and continued to believe in papal supremacy
1560: Visitations in Province of York
East Riding
masses for the dead continued
images still used as focus for prayer
Church of Swine
had banner of five wounds from Pilgrimage of Grace
some parishes still didn't have bible in English
Reason for continuation of Catholicism
remoteness from London
conservative religious beliefs evident in PoG
laity not going to adopt settlement without guidance from Bishops
in Lancashire William Wall of Preston still placed sacrament in mouths of communicants
some places poorer so couldn't afford new bible and prayer books
Church in Lancashire
JoPs sometimes sympathetic towards old religion
Hereford: not as many charges for recusancy
laity likely to conform to Catholicism
Elizabeth didn't mind this
Catholics mostly still went to Church and didn't challenge Elizabeth's position as Queen
no one was put to death for refusing Oath of Supremacy even though it was in the law
law saying people put to death for saying mass for the dead but this not done either
could't tacke religious non-compliance in northern countries
would have meant political instability and challenge from members of aristocracy
Relations with Foreign powers
Pope Pius IV told that England could be won over by diplomacy
view kept until 1568
even after 1568 and policy became harder towards England Spain urged pope not to intervene with England