OCCUPATION (2)
Drew & Heritage (1993)
Institutional Talk
Howard Giles (1970)
Accommodation Theory
Jargon
Sinclair & Coulthard (1992)
IRF Model
Workplace project New Zealand
John Swales (1990)
Discourse Communities
Susie Dent
Modern Tribes
Asymmetry - hierarchies of power - one speaker often has more power and/or special knowledge than other eg. boos & employee, Dr & patient
Professional Lexis - special lexis or vocab used
"we accommodate our audience" - adjust our speech to accommodate the person addressing
Convergence -
match language to audience
2) Upward convergence - Posher - more refined accent & try to wipe out regional elements
3) Mutual convergence - Same - both parties alter their speech
1) Downward convergence - Common - accent more regional & try to wipe out RP elements e.g.. politician George Osborne talking to Morrisons employees spoke with Estuary accent rather than RP
Divergence -
speech style moves further apart
Moves language away from that of audience
Specialist lexis (technical speak)
Words based in reality (unlike slang which is often made up) eg. "bagging" in emergency services
Professional Lexis - special words of expression used by particular profession of group
Posees required level of knowledge & skill to be considered eligible to participate in community
Use specialist lexis & discourse
Communicate internally - using and owning one or more genres of communication
Common goal - use particular ways of communicating, may not work closely together or form relationships but spoken & written interactions use certain register e.g.. professional groups such as scientists using speech & text (academic articles, laboratory reports etc.)
Structure - inferential frameworks - workplace & professional interactions follow specific structure e.g.. emails, meetings, ways of thinking, communicating & behaving
Study of work place talk - shared inference
Initiation, response & feedback model
Allowable contributions eg. what allowed to say in meeting - inferential frameworks
Lakoff (1973)
Politeness Principle
Turn-taking rules or restrictions eg..the courtroom - special turn-taking rules in operation or unwritten restrictions e.g.. Dr asks patient questions
Goal orientation - workplace conversations focus on specific tasks or goals e.g.. transactional - specific task v relational - social
Allowable contributions eg. what allowed to say in certain contexts e.g. Meeting.
Koester (2004)
Interpersonal Markers
Goffman
Performance of Identity Theory
Frontstage - Activities of an individual before a set of observers - performance eg. making a sale to a customer
Backstage - individual's everyday activities e.g.. with fellow workers in office
Focuses on how employees can support each other
Phatic talk (small talk) - importance of interactions not just about work-related procedures
Solidarity - ability to connect with workmate important in workplace communication
Performance
People interact with each other through a type of performance
Linked to setting & depends on different forms of communication: non-verbal, dress-codes & linguistic choices
Tribes - social & occupational groups many people belong to
Language used to signal aspects of our identities & desire to show affiliation towards or distance from other groups
e.g.. two rival football fans arguing may exaggerate regional accents to assert loyalty & identity
Much conversational interaction
is governed by 3 rules.
Don't impose eg. "I'm sorry to bother you"
Give options e.g.. It's entirely up to you."
Make receiver feel good eg. "What would I have done without you?"