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51/52/53 (Animal Behavior (8 types of Behavior (Innate (Behavior that is…

- - - - Behavior that is developmentally fixed into an animal
      - Ex. Babies grasping
    - - Training animals to perform an action
      - Ex. Crow learned that you get food when you put quarters into the machine; began picking up coins to take to machine
        Ex 2. Rat learns that touching a light will result in food
    - - Sequence of unlearned acts directly linked to a simple stimulus
    - - The establishment of a long-lasting behavioral response to a particular individual/object
      - Ex. Bears finding good feeding grounds and coming back repeatedly
    - - Watching another organism perform an action and copying it
      - Ex. Octopus watches other octopus open jar to get food and then mimics to get same food out of same jar
    - - Same stimuli are affected repeatedly until it is (almost) completely ignored
      - Ground hogs do not react when humans walk by their homes bc humans normally dont attack the ground hogs
    - - Ability to associate one environmental feature with another
      - Ex. Pilot wears a crane suit and flies in plane to act as surrogate parent to direct the migration of whooping cranes
    - - Ability for animal to understand more complex problems
      - Ex. Chimp given boxes to get high hanging banana
  - - - Visual
        
        Using vision as a way to detect mates, predator, prey, etc.
        
        Ex. Fruit fly catches female in his field of vision and orients body towards the female
      - Chemical
        
        Release/detection of chemicals to alert animal of what is happening
        
        Ex. To confirm female fruit fly belongs to the same species, the male uses his olfactory system (smell) to detect chemicals she releases into the air
      - Tactile
        
        Sense of touch
        
        Ex. The male then approaches the female and touches her with a foreleg, alerting the female to the male's presence
      - Auditory
        
        Use of sound to communicate
        
        Ex. Male extends and vibrates one of his wings making a courtship song for the female that lets her know he is of the same species
    - - Pheromone - Chemical substance released by animals that communicate via odor/taste
      - Often found in mammals and insects and relating to reproductive behavior (See fruit fly courtship)
      - Pheromones are very effective even at low concentrations (1 cm^2 of skin form a fathead minnow has enough alarm substance to be felt in 58,000L of water)
      - In some cases (See honeybee colonies; Fig. 51.5), pheromones produced can maintain complex social orders of entire populations
      - Can also serve as alarm signals
        (Ex. minnow/catfish are injured they release a substance into the water that includes a fright response in other fish)