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animal behavior, ecology & biosphere, population ecology (animal…
animal behavior, ecology & biosphere, population ecology
animal behavior
innate
or instinct- behavior that's automatic/ have it since day one
ex: once turtles hatch they go into the ocean, or a baby grasping a hand
fixed action pattern
- a series of action to get to completion
ex;goose sitting on their eggs
imprinting
- happens in a critical time period
ex: when ducks follow their mother, salmon imprinting on chemical smells in lakes
associative learning
- a stimuli that has a certain affect
ex: ringing a bell the dogs gets fed & they associate the bell with getting food.
trial and error
- teach complex behaviors. (try to teach different things)
ex: birds are taught fetch quarters for a machine and in return the machine gives then food
habituation
- same stimuli over & over again then eventually ignore it.
ex: Perrier dogs scream when they see humans but they habituate to seeing humans so they ignore them.
observational learning
- watching another organism and mimicking the action
ex: an octopus sees a trained octopus open a box to get food and then it mimicks the action
insight
-able to solve problems
ex: candle problem, bird trying to get food from a container by getting a wire and making it into a hook & getting the food
they do these to find food, mates, avoid predators, protection, raising their young
survival and how it alters the fitness of the organism
they cant evolve if they arent adapting to the environment which means they cant adjust so they would eventually die out
ecology and biosphere
*Terrestrial biomes
tropical forest
, located in the equator, have tropical rain & dry forests
average temp of 25-29C, little season variation
have trees, insects, spiders, arthropods, birds, & reptiles
Desert
, 30 degrees north & south latitude. it is dry
temp is highly variable; hot over 50C in cold below -30C
have cacti & few species adapted, have scorpions, snakes, arthropods
Savanna
, near equator. Dry, hot all the time.
temp varies warm yr-round
have thorny trees, grasslands, & fire-adapted plants. have termites, grazers, bugs, mammals
Chaparral
, located mid-latitude, the coastlines. highly seasonal, rainy winters & dry summers.
temp, hot summer & cool winter (seasonal).
Have shrubs, grasses, herbs, deer, rabbits, reptiles, snakes, birds, arthropods
temperate grasslands
, located flat-lands 30-70 latitude. winter -dry, summer-wet.
temp winter -10C, summer 30C
have grasses, herbivores, bison and horses, prairie dogs
northern coniferous forest
, located northern U.S, Canada, Siberia, precipitation 30-70cm & periodic droughts.
temp; winter -50C & over 20C in summer
have conifers, cone bearing trees, pine, spruce, moose, brown bears, birds, tigers
temperate broadleaf forest
, located mid-latitude, New England, South Africa; precipitation rains all yr 70-200cm.
temp 0C in winter, summer up to 35C are hot and humid
have deciduous trees and varied mammals, birds, insects
tundra
, located top of mountains, artic areas. precipitation about 20-60cm.
have herbaceous, mosses, grasses, forbs, bears, wolves, foxes, birds
temp, winter below-30C & summer less than 10C.
aquatic biomes
lakes
, cover thousands of square feet, light decreases in depth, temp have seasonal thermocline, tropical lowland lakes have a thermocline yr-round
oligotrophic lakes, nutrient poor & oxygen rich. eutrophic lakes are nutrient rich & depleted of oxygen in the deepest zone in the summer & covered with ice in the winter
wetlands
, it is inundated by water at least some times, some all the time & others flood
the high organic production so the soil is low in dissolved oxygen, they have a high capacity to filter dissolved nutrients & chemical pollutants
streams & rivers
, characteristic is the speed and volume of water flow, headwater are cold,clear,turbulent. farther downstream are tributaries forming a river it is more warmer
headwater are oxygen rich, downstream have substantial oxygen. there is organic matter that have dissolved fragmented material
estuaries
, a transition area between a river and the sea
chemical- the salinity varies with the rise and fall of the tides, nutrients from the river make estuaries a productive biome
intertidal zones,
is periodically submerged & exposed to the tides
the upper zones are longer exposed to air so they have greater variations in temp and salinity
chemical, oxygen & nutrient levels are high & are renewed with each tide
oceanic pelagic zone
, open blue water mixed by wind driven ocean currents.
chemical, oxygen levels are high, nutrient concentrations are low
coral reefs,
, form form calcium carbonate skeleton of coral. they are sensitive to temp below 18-20C & above 30C
chemical, require high oxygen levels & are excluded by high inputs of fresh water & nutrients
marine benthic zone
, the seafloor below the surface waters of the coastal or neritic zones and the offshore
the shallow marine receives no sunlight, water temp decline as depth increases so does pressure
chemical, oxygen is sufficient as there are a variety of animal life
aquatic biomes are characterized by physical and chemical properties
the ocean cover about 75% of earth so it contributes to temp effecting the global climate 7 wind patterns
marine algae & photosynthetic bacteria are the major supplier for oxygen and consume large amounts of carbon dioxide
factors that produce different environment
the climate, the long term prevailing weather conditions in an area. 4 physical factors: temp, precipitation, sunlight, & wind
macro-climate
, the patterns globally, regional, & landscape
global climate patterns, are determined by the solar energy & the movement of earth in space. Sun warms the atmosphere, land, water
b/c its warms the temp varies, the cycles of the air & water movement, & evaporation of water causing latitudinal variations
micro-climate
, localized patterns, those that have been encountered by a community of organisms
micro can be influenced by a casting shadow, altering evaporation of soil & changing wind pattern
forest trees moderate the micro-climate
environments are different from each other based on chemical & physical attributes, temp, light, water, & nutrients
abiotic and biotic factors influences the distributions of organisms
seasonality
the earths tilted axis and it rotation & its rotation around the sun causes seasonal changes
when the sun changes angles over one year it can affect local environments
bodies of water
the ocean currents can change the climate along the coast of the continents by cooling & heating
oceans and lakes have high specific heat so the moderate the climate of the land
a hot day the land is warmer then the water the air over the land heats up and rises, getting a cool breeze from the water to land
temp drops quickly over land then water, the air over the warm water rises drawing in the cool air from the land back to the water & replaces it with warmer air offshore
mountains
influence air flow over land
the cool air flows inland from the water moderating temp near the shore
the air that comes in contact with the mountains flows upward and cools at higher altitudes, releasing the water as precipitation
when it reaches the leeward side there is less moisture in the air, so little precipitation. the rain shadow creates a desert on the back of the mountain
population ecology explore how biotic & abiotic factors influence density, distribution, size, & age structure of populations
population
is a group of individuals of a single species that live in the general area
density
: the # of individuals per unit area or volume
birth, death, immigration, and emigration can change the density of a population
dispersion
, pattern spacing among individuals within the boundaries of the population
patterns of dispersion
clumped
; individuals are aggregated in patches.
ex:clumping of animals may be associated with mating behavior
clumping increases the effectiveness of predation or defense
uniform
: evenly spaced, results from direct interactions between individuals in the environment
plants secret chemicals to prevent other to grow around them to decease the competition. & animals exhibit territoriality
random
: unpredictable spacing, position of individuals in a population is independent of other individuals
this happens where physical and chemical factors are constant
logistic and exponential
carrying capacity (k), the maximum population size that an environment can sustain. it varies space and time with abundance of limiting resources
crowding & resource limitation can effect the growth rate of the population
logistic population growth, the per capita rate of increase approaches zero as the population size nears the carrying capacity
exponential, occurs when the population has abundant resources
a population that increases consistently results in a j-shaped curve
the j-shaped curve is characteristic for populations that are introduced to a new environment or their #'s been reduced & re bounce
evolution & life history diversity
when reproduction begins, how often the organism produces and how many offspring they have
ex:
semelparity
, one-shot pattern of reproduction, salmon have this type of behavior. it also occurs in the "century plant"
is it usually favored where offspring don't make it to adulthood
ex: reptiles. amphibians
ex:
iteroparity
, repeated reproduction. loggerhead turtle produces four clutches, then waits 2-3 before laying eggs again
typically favored in areas where the adults are able to survive
ex: humans
k-selected
(density-dependent selection)
, the traits that are sensitive to population density & favored at high densities
organisms live near the limiting resources
death rates increases with population density & birth rates fall when density rises
density-dependent can be regulated by;
competition for resources
, increasing the population increases competition for resources so less reproduction
disease
, transmission of a disease increases in crowded areas
predation
, predator catches more food as the population as density of prey increases
territoriality
, limits population density. cheetahs urinate and is used to warn other cheetahs
intrinsic factors
, the physiological factors that regulate population size
toxic waste
, yeast convert carbohydrates to ethanol in wine making, ethanol accumulates in the wine is toxic to yeast and it contributes to density-dependent regulation of yeast population
r-selection
(density-independent selection
), traits that maximize reproductive success in an uncrowded environment
below the carrying capacity, there is less competition
ex: weeds growing in abandoned lots, frogs
when birth and death rates do not change when the population density changes
human population
the population was slowly increasing until 1650, it was 500 million people and doubled to 1 billion in the next two centuries, then doubled again to 2 billion by 1930
by 1975 it was 4 billion,but now there are 7 billion and is increasing by about 78 million each year
demographic transition
, high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates as they follow industrialization & improved living conditions
in Sweden it took 150 yrs for the transition. in Mexico the population is growing the wont reach transition until 2050
death rates declined in developing countries in 1950. China's birth rates have have fallen, in 1970 an average of 5.9 children per woman but that changed due to government law it went down to 1.6
in Africa birth rates are low while in sub-saharan africa birth rates are high. in India birth rates are falling slowly
Canada, japan, Germany, & United Kingdom the reproductive rate are below replacement level. b/c there is no immigration & no change in birth rate
reducing family size is the key to transition. Social change, delaying reproduction
age structure,
# of individuals of each age in a population
Afghanistan, more young being produced there are fewer getting old
United States, developing a constant # of ages
Italy, not that many children the population is getting smaller
age structures can shows social conditions
ecological footprint
, a geographic representation of all the resources used by an individual
the amount of food, water, fuel, transportation, other resources that people use
the density population & the resources of each person combined also determines global ecological footprint
