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Responses to Scepticism (Descartes' own response (Descartes' next…

- - - - Accepts we can tell the difference between being awake and dreaming
        
        Memory connects up perceptions coherently, but not dreams and because we can confirm our perceptions using different senses
        
        We make mistakes through perceptions
        
        Nature through a priori analysis of our concept of physical object
        
        Indirect Realist approach
- - - - Restriction is too severe
      - Leads to local scepticism
      - Can't show that moral claims are either analytic or a posteriori
    - - Two objections
        
        (Descartes) First
        
        Remains a hypothesis
        
        Response
        
        Standard for knowledge too high
        
        We don't need certainty
        
        Best explanation is sufficient
        
        Does not attack scepticism, attacks the need for certainty
        
        Second
        
        Challenges the claim that the existence of physical objects is the best explanation.
        
        Our experience provides no reason to prefer the hypothesis of physical objects
        
        Doesn't meet the challenge of global scepticism
      - Berkeley
        
        Removes challenge of scepticism by rejecting the distinction between appearance and reality
        
        Understanding of the relation between our minds and God
        
        Infers something outside must cause my perceptions
        
        Supercomputer is a physical object